IN WHAT WAY CAN OPERATIONAL, FUNCTIONAL, STRATEGIC DESIGN MANAGEMENT Essay

IN WHAT WAY CAN OPERATIONAL, FUNCTIONAL, STRATEGIC DESIGN MANAGEMENT CONTRIBUTE TO THE BUSINESS GROWTH OF Artdinox - Essay Example The feedback will provide the base for the ideation process which will lead to new product development. Then the CEO along with the NPD team can take care of the design finalization. In the context of new products one of the most important pieces of information is the control and monitoring mechanism for the product when it is launched briefly into the market as a part of test launch. Art d'inox does a pilot launch through three to four hundred pieces of the new product and monitors it carefully in terms of control points and then depending upon the conclusion decision to further expand the production or to curtail it is taken. Also, the organization can form collaborations with design institutes of repute; in case of Art d'inox it could easily form alliances with National Institute of Design, one of the premier places of learning in its respective field. This encompasses creation of a design management function in the company. At the strategic level this deals with the incorporation of the design strategy into the basic philosophy and workings of key departments like marketing, communication and innovation departments, i.e. inculcating the deign strategy into the business strategy of the firm. ... Art d'inox's basic objective of turning stainless steel items into lifestyle products with the amalgamation of design and functionality through innovative surface finish and the use of combined materials has adhered to this concept. This leads to the planning stage where procedures and standard for quality are fixed. Art d'inox has a design center with a professional design team which works in tandem with NPD or the new product development team. In Art d'inox's functional structure the CEO leads the design vertical along with the NPD, which designs products after receiving pointers from marketing and sales teams. The finances have to be taken care of in terms of setting up supplier and so Art d'inox being a part of the Jindal Stainless Steel group has timely supply of high quality raw material at reasonable prices. Strategic Design Management This is the capability of the design philosophy to give shape to the organizational objective and transform it according to the vision. At the initiation level the basic strategy is defined and the objectives to be reached in terms of design are also communicated clearly. The very concept of Art d'inox lies in changing the perception about stainless steel utensils and items through extremely creative and functional designs. The CEO is at the helm of designing, who along with the NPD team looks after the various aspects of deign and new product launch. This structure ensures that the top management level is guiding the design team from the top and the philosophy also percolates from top through all the management layers and departments. In Art d'inox the CEO ensures the effective completion of this job. Human resources are extremely important, especially in a design

Hamstring Tightness Is Common Health And Social Care Essay

Hamstring Tightness Is Common Health And Social Care Essay Among the muscle undergoing adaptive shortening, hamstring is the one commonly going for adaptive shortening. The hamstring comprises of three large muscles namely semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and bicep femoris which arises from the tuberosity of ischium. They are present over the posterior compartment of the thigh and span the hip and knee joints. Hence they are the extensors of the hip and flexors of the knee. Hamstring tightness is common in normal individual because of immobilization of a tissue in a shortened position results in adaptive shortening. As the muscle shortens, its elasticity of the normal tissue was decreased and a change in the length tension relationship of the muscle, loss of flexibility also occurs. Hamstring tightness could make the musculo tendinous unit more susceptible to injury, increase resistance to various anatomical structures, which may lead to overuse syndrome. Tightness could also leads to pathological conditions at the joint on which the muscle acts, especially on a muscle like hamstring which passes over the two joints. Muscle tightness has a significant impact on neuromuscular control. Muscle tightness affects the normal length tension relationships. When one muscle in a force couple becomes tight or hypertonic, it alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved joint. This affects the synergistic function of the entire kinetic chain, leading to abnormal stress, soft tissue dysfunction, neural compromise and vascular/lymphatic stasis. Muscle tightness also cause reciprocal inhibition. Increased muscle spindle activity in a specific muscle will cause decreased neural drive to that muscles functional antagonist. This alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved segment. Flexibility has been defined as the ability of a muscle to lengthen and allow one joint (or more than one joint in a series) to move through a range of motion. Anderson and Burke defined Flexibility as the range of motion available in a joint or a group of joint that is influenced by muscles, ligaments and bones. Loss of flexibility means decreased ability of a muscle to deform. Loss of flexibility may lead to decrease in lumbar lordosis, reduction of muscle strength and quadriceps dysfunction during gait, lumbar pelvic rhythm was disturbed, anterior pelvic tilt was restricted, lumbar motion was increased. Excessive mobility of lumbar spine leads to overstretching of lumbar ligaments and consequently pain and instability. (Levangie and Norkin, 2001) Loss of flexibility can also cause pain arising from muscle, connective tissue or periosteum. (Hardy, 1989; Tillmann and Cummings, 1992) With regard to important role of hamstring flexibility restoration of its normal length is necessary. Muscle tissue length is thought to play an important role in efficiency and effectiveness of human movement. Benefits of flexibility is to enhance the range of motion, improved body position, potential relief of aches and pain, protection against low back pain and injuries, reduction of post exercise muscle soreness, and promotes relaxation. Hamstring tightness can be measured using the (1) Active unilateral straight leg raise test, (2) Passive unilateral straight leg raise test, (3) Sit and reach test, (4)Active knee extension test. Straight leg raise test are widely used as a neurologic tests, hence they do not give valid measures of hamstring tightness because of pelvic rotation that occurs during the test. Active knee extension test is the reliable test. Continuous ultrasound therapy increases tendon length by changing their viscosity and plasticity (Ziskin et al, 1986). Skeletal muscles have a higher rate of absorption of ultrasound waves when compared to fatty tissue. (Dyson, 1987; Low and Reed, 1990). Elevation of collagen tissue temperature affects on mechanical and physical characteristics of tissues and facilitates deformation of the collagen. As pain and discomfort was reduced during stretching and collagen fiber ability to tolerate greater forces was increased. Ultrasound increases soft tissue extensibility and may be an effective adjunct in the treatment of knee contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening (Folconer et al, 1992). Static stretching allow the muscle spindle to accommodate, reduces their firing rate; hence static stretch is effective in increasing the length of muscle. (Gordon and Ghez, 1991). Longer hold times during stretching of the hamstring muscles resulted in a greater rate of gains in range of motion (Feland et al, 2001). Stretch duration lower than 30 seconds did not increase muscle flexibility (Beaulien, 1981). Static stretch of 30 seconds is sufficient to increases the hamstring muscle length. Combination of ultrasound therapy with 30 seconds stretch is more effective than ultrasound therapy with 15 seconds stretch in increasing hamstring flexibility (A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein, and R.Nazok 2006). Muscle energy techniques (MET) are manually applied stretching techniques that use principles of neurophysiology to relax overactive muscle and stretch chronically shortened muscles. Muscle energy techniques (MET) have the ability to relax overactive muscles or stretch tight muscles and their associated fascial components when connective tissue or viscoelastic changes have occurred. When using Muscle energy techniques (MET), it is important to relax/inhibit the neuromuscular component before attempting to stretch the involved musculature. Two fundamental neurophysiologic principles account for the neuromuscular inhibition. The first principle of Muscle energy techniques (MET) is post contraction inhibition / autogenic inhibition / post isometric relaxation. The second principle is reciprocal inhibition. Muscle energy technique produced an immediate increase in passive knee extension in individuals with hamstring tightness (Ballantyne 2003). Muscle energy technique is significantly improving the hamstring flexibility in collegiate males (Wassim .M et al 2009). 1.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY: Continuous ultrasound therapy, static stretching, muscle energy technique (MET) are significant in improving hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. These methods of treatment are well accepted and practised by various researchers according to previous literature, but there was no study to compare the effect of muscle energy technique ( MET) and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. So the purpose of this study is to analyse the efficacy of muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. 1.2 AIMS: To find out the effect of muscle energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. 1.3 OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of muscle energy technique in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. To study the effect of ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. To compare the effect of muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. 1.4 KEYWORDS: Hamstring flexibility, Muscle energy technique, Ultrasound therapy with static stretching, Active knee extension test. 1.5 HYPOTHESIS 1.5.1 NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant effect of muscle energy technique in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. There is no significant effect of ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. There is no significant difference between the effect of muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. 1.5.2 ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS There is a significant effect of muscle energy technique in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. There is a significant effect of ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. There is a significant difference between the effect of muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with static stretching in improving the hamstring flexibility in individuals with hamstring tightness. II.REVIEW OF LITERATURE HAMSTRING TIGHTNESS: Worrel et al (2003) Stated that hamstring injuries in athletes is mainly due to the lack of hamstring flexibility. Kishner and Colby et al (2002) Stated that adequate mobility of soft tissues and joints is thought to be an important factor in prevention of injury (or) reinjury to soft tissues. Donald E Hartig et al (1999) Stated that increase in hamstring flexibility decreases overuse injuries in lower extremities. Sarhmann.S et al (1997) Stated that muscle tightness and hypertonicity has a significant impact on the neuromuscular control. Muscle tightness affects the normal length tension relationship. Bullock-Saxton.J, Lewit.K et al (1997, 1984) Stated that muscle tightness alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved joint. This affects the synergistic function leading to abnormal joint stress, soft tissue dysfunction, neural compromise and vascular or lymphatic stasis. Ronald F, Zernickle et al (1996) Stated that extracting flexibility changes related with structural and physiological changes influence the level of physical activity. Zachazewski et al (1989) Stated that loss of flexibility of hamstring may lead to decrease in lumbar lordosis, reduction of muscle strength and quadriceps dysfunction during gait. Cummings, GS, Crutchfeld, CA, Barnes et al (1983) Stated that tightness is referred to mild shortening of a healthy musculo tendinous unit otherwise referred to as a mild transient contracture. A muscle that is tight can be lengthened to all but the outer limits of its range. Normal individual who do not regularly participate in a flexibility program can develop mild myostatic contractures or tightness, particularly in two joint muscles such as hamstrings, rectus femoris or gastronemius. Fox E.L et al (1979) Stated that flexibility enhances movement by improving body awareness with greater ease and dexterity. Lawrence Gold et al Stated that the hamstrings are the muscles that run from behind and below the knees up to the back of the thigh till the sitbones. Soft tissue injuries, knee pain, torn menisci, chondromalacia patella and poor posture often come from tight hamstrings. Tight hamstrings can prevent the individual from reaching full extension or from bending over completely. ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC STRETCHING Shadmer.A, Astaneh.H.N, et al (2010) Conducted a study to analyse the effect of two different modes (Continuous versus Pulsed) in decreasing the shortening of hamstrings. Thirty non impaired men aged 20 to 30 years were included. Ultrasound was applied over short hamstrings. Hamstring flexibility was measured by passive knee extension test. Continuous ultrasound of 2W/Cm ², 1MHZ, five minutes and Pulsed ultrasound of 200 µs burst of 1MHZ, 0.5W/Cm ², five minutes was used. They concluded that the heating effects of continuous ultrasound may be more effective than non thermal properties of pulsed ultrasound for increasing the flexibility of shortened hamstrings. Meroni, Roberto, Cerri, Cesare Giuseppe, Lanzarini, Carlo, Barindelli, Guido, Morte, Giancesare Della, Gessaga, Viviana, Cesana, Gian Carlo, DeVito, Giovanni et al (2010) Stated that the gain in flexibility was maintained for a period of 4 weeks after the cessation of training. This improvement was more significantly noticed in active stretching group by using active knee extension test than the passive stretching group. Buker N., Aslan E., Kitis A., Carluk U et al (2008) Stated that the superficial (or) deep heat applications before static stretching exercises shows positive effects to increasing flexibility of hamstring muscles. Nichole Lee Lounsberry et al (2008) Stated that the ultrasound treatment produced greater immediate gains in hamstring extensibility than moist heat packs treatment. A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein and R.Nazok et al (2006) Stated that the gains in range of passive knee extension obtained in continuous therapeutic ultrasound and 30 seconds stretch group were significantly greater than therapeutic ultrasound and 15 seconds stretch group in subjects with tight hamstrings. Denegar C, Saliba E, et al (2006) Stated that 3 MHZ ultrasound provides superficial heating, 1MHZ ultrasound heats tissue at depth of 3-5 cms and is considered to be a deep heating agent. Odunaiya N.A, Hamzat T.K, Ajayi O et al (2004) Stated that statically stretching tight hamstrings for any duration between 15 and 120 seconds on alternate days for six weeks would significantly increase its flexibility. The effect was also sustained for upto 7 days post intervention. Trae Sakiyo Tashiro et al (2003) Stated that the clinically practical parameters of thermal ultrasound in conjunction with static stretching is an effective way of increasing hamstring extensibility but ultrasound application location didnt showed difference in increasing knee extension range of motion in a healthy population. C.D.Weijer et al (2003) Stated that the static stretching is one of the safest and most commonly performed stretching methods used to measure muscle length. Feland et al (2001) Reported that longer hold times during stretching of the hamstring muscles resulted in a greater rate of gain in range of motion. Prentice WE, McClure M, Becker RO et al (2001) Stated that when slow stretch applied to muscle, golgi tendon organ get stimulated and thereby muscle tension is reduced. This leads is to an increase in length of muscle. Robert and Wilson et al (1999) Stated that static stretching increases muscle length by allowing muscle spindle to adapt overtime and cease fired. It also elicits golgi tendon response and therefore provides an effective flexibility training stimulus. William D Bandy et al (1996) Stated that a static stretch of 30 seconds at a frequency of single session is sufficient to increase the muscle length. Bandy WD, Irion JM et al (1995) Stated that the duration of 30 seconds of stretching is an effective time of enhancing the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Bandy WD, Irion JM et al , Lentell G, Hetherington T et al, Madding SW et al (1994 ) Stated that Static stretching is a method of stretching in which the muscles and connective tissue being stretched are held in a stationary position at their greatest possible length for some period. When using static stretching on a clinical basis, stretches should be held a minimum of 15 to 30 seconds. Chan et al (1993) Stated that tendon reaches greater temperature and heat more quickly than muscle and the tendon was able to maintain vigorous heating for longer period than muscle. Draper D, Sunderland S, Kirkendall et al (1993) Stated that tendon tissue is less vascularized than muscle tissue; tendons will retain heat for longer periods of time. Folconer et al (1992) Stated that ultrasound increases soft tissue extensibility and may be an effective adjunct in the treatment of knee contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening. Gordon and Ghez et al (1991) Stated that static stretching may be effective in increasing the length of muscle due to the prolonged stretching which allows the muscle spindle to adapt over time and cease firing. Low and Reed et al (1990) , Dyson et al (1987) Stated that low absorption of ultrasound waves is seen in tissues that are in water content (eg.,fat), whereas absorption is higher in tissues rich in protein (e.g., skeletal muscle). Warren C, Lehman J, Koblanski J, Strickler T, Malone T, Masock A, Garrett W et al (1990) Stated that ultrasound therapy can be used to target the collagen rich tendinous unit of the hamstring muscle because of its ability to penetrate deeper tissues, and shown that increasing the temperature of collagen to 40 ° Celsius will increase the elasticity of the tissue. This increased extensibility allows for an even distribution of force and reduces the stress on localized areas of the tissue. Gajdosik RL , Godges JJ et al (1989) Stated that a low intensity maintained stretch that is applied gradually is less likely to facilitate the stretch reflex and increase tension in the muscle being lengthened. This is called static stretch. Ziskin et al (1986) Stated that an increasing in tendon length following continuous ultrasound therapy is due to change of their viscosity and plasticity. Beaulien et al (1981) Stated that stretch duration lower than 30 seconds didnt increase muscle flexibility. Coakley et al (1978) Stated that frequency of 1MHZ ultrasound used for patients with more subcutaneous fat who sustained injuries at deeper level because of its penetration to a depth of 3 to 5 cms. Lehman et al (1968) Emphasized on the thermal effects of continuous ultrasound compared to other heating modalities in increasing hamstring flexibility. De Vries HA et al (1962) Stated that static stretching offers advantages of using less overall force, decreasing the danger of exceeding the tissue extensibility limits, lower energy requirement, and a lower likelihood of muscle soreness. Static stretching also has less effect on the Ia and II spindle afferent fibres than ballistic stretching, which would tend to increase a muscles resistance to stretch and facilitate golgi tendon organ, thereby reducing the contractile elements resistance to deformation. MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE: Ahmad Faheem, Ahmad Shamin, Anjani Agarwal, Begum Shabana, Ram C.S, Waseem Mohd et al (2010) Conducted a study in Indian collegiate males on hamstring flexibility by comparing the effectiveness of muscle energy technique and eccentric training. Total of twenty males with hamstring tightness falling between age group of 18-25 years were included in the study. Hamstring tightness was measured by popliteal angle/active knee extension test. One group was treated with muscle energy technique and the other with eccentric training. This study stated that hamstring flexibility can be improved with muscle energy technique using post isometric relaxation than eccentric training. Wassim M et al (2009) Reported that muscle energy technique using post isometric relaxation significantly improving the hamstring flexibility (by active knee extension test) in normal Indian collegiate males with hamstring tightness. Azadeh Shadmehr, Mohmmed Reza Hadian, Sedigheh Sadet Naiemi, Shohreh Jalaie et al (2009) Concluded that the hamstring stretches in normal young women using either static stretch or muscle energy technique had similar effects on restoring flexibility to hamstrings. Madeline Smith, Gary Fryer et al (2008) Stated that the muscle energy technique is effective in increasing hamstring extensibility, and there appeared to be sustained improvement one week following the initial treatment. Ross A, Clark et al (2008) Stated that muscle energy technique can produces creep and plastic changes in the connective tissue thereby the length of the muscle can be increased. Lindsey Samilian et al (2007) Stated that muscle energy technique is a method used to strengthen weak muscles, lengthen the short muscles (or) increase a muscles range of motion. These techniques involve stretch during which a reciprocal force is imposed on the targeted muscle for short period of time, causing the muscle to relax and stretch further. Ballantyne F, Fryer G, MC.Laughlin P et al (2003) Conducted a study to find the effectiveness of muscle energy technique in increasing passive knee extension and to explore the mechanism behind any observed change. Forty asymptomatic subjects between age of 18 to 45 years were randomly allocated to experimental and control group. Experimental group was given with muscle energy technique and Control group with no treatment. They concluded that muscle energy technique produced an immediate increase in passive knee extension. This observed change is due to an increased tolerance to stretch. Chaitlow L, Liebenson C et al (2001) The other name for Muscle energy technique is active muscular relaxation technique. Freyer G et al (2000), Richard L, Gajodsik, Melonie A, Rieck and Debra K et al (1993) Stated that an increase in flexibility after muscle energy technique occurred due to biomechanical or neurophysiologic changes or due to an increase in tolerance to stretching. Lewit et al (1999) Concluded that post isometric relaxation is directed towards relaxation of hypertonic muscle, especially if this relates to reflex contraction or the involvement of myofascial trigger points. Lewit, Libenson, Murphy et al (1999) Stated that post isometric relaxation is an excellent technique for treating neuromuscular component muscle of a stiff, shortened or tight muscle. Lewit et al (1999), Greenman et al (1989) Suggested that in muscle energy technique, the holding time of 7-10 seconds is more effective than 3-5 seconds. Kuchera et al (1997) Stated that increase in range of motion of a joint after Muscle energy technique is based on neurological mechanism via inhibitory golgi tendon reflex. Muscle energy technique activates this reflex during isometric muscle contraction. Muscle energy technique produces a stretch on golgi tendon organ and a reflex relaxation of muscle. Goodridge and Kuchera et al (1997) Suggested that 3 repetitions of isometric contractions is optimal in applying muscle energy technique. Lederman et al (1997) Stated that a viscoelastic change in muscle is responsible for the increase in muscle flexibility after muscle energy technique. Chaitlow L et al (1997) Stated that the isometric contraction should be held for 10 seconds. This is the time required to stimulate the excitatory threshold of the golgi tendon organ, which has a neurophysiologic inhibitory effect on the muscle spindle. This provides the opportunity to take the muscle into a new range of motion. Following the isometric contraction, there is a latency period of approximately 25 to 30 seconds, during which the muscle can be stretched. Philip Greenman et al (1996) Stated that manual medicine treatment procedure includes Muscle energy technique which involves the contraction of the subjects muscle by the voluntary effort in a precisely controlled direction, at different levels of intensity, against a counterforce applied by the operator. This procedure can be used to lengthen a shortened, contracted or spastic muscle; to strengthen a physiologically weakened muscle; to reduce localized oedema, to mobilize an articulation with restricted mobility. Ward, Robert C et al (1990) Stated that muscle energy technique is an active, direct technique (engaging the barrier) that promotes muscle relaxation by activating the golgi tendon reflex. Libenson et al (1989) Stated that muscle energy technique is effective in treating the muscle tension disorder and it effectively relaxes stretches, strengthens the muscles and re-educate abnormal sensory motor pathway. Lewit et al (1986) Stated that when a muscle is isometrically contracted its antagonist will be inhibited and reduce tone immediately. Stiles and Greenman et al (1984) Suggested that muscles which requires stretching (agonist) should be the main source of energy for isometric contractions and achieves a more significant degrees of relaxation and so a more useful ability to subsequently stretch the muscle were the relaxation effect being achieved through use of antagonist (using reciprocal inhibition). ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSION TEST: C.M. Norris et al (2005) Stated that active knee extension test when used in conjunction with goniometry, accurate surface making, and manual monitoring of the test leg is a reliable measure of hamstring muscle length. M.Mathews et al (2005) Stated that active knee extension represents maximum length of hamstring muscles. Denise M. Cameron, Richard W. Bohannon et al (1985) Stated that active knee extension test is said to be a useful alternative to the straight leg raise test for providing an indication of hamstring muscle length. Gajdosik R.L et al (1983) Stated that active knee extension test is a more objective measure of hamstring tightness which produces high reliability co-efficient. III. METHODOLOGY 3.1 STUDY DESIGN: Pre test and post test experimental group study design. 3.2 STUDY SETTING: Study will be conducted at Physiotherapy Out Patient Department, KG College of Physiotherapy, Coimbatore. 3.3 STUDY DURATION: Total duration was one year. Individual received the treatment for the duration of one week. 3.4 POPULATION STUDIED: 30 normal individuals with hamstring tightness who fulfilled the predetermined inclusive and exclusive criteria were selected and divided into two experimental groups by simple random sampling method. Each group consists of 15 patients. Groups are named as group A and group B 3.5 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION 3.5.1 INCLUSIVE CRITERIA: Age between 18 to 25 years Both males and females Normal individuals with tight hamstrings (inability to achieve greater than 160 ° knee extension with hip at 90 ° flexion.) 3.5.2EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA: Low back pain Acute or chronic. Hamstring injury Acute or chronic. Soft tissue injuries around knee. Pregnancy. Metal implants in lower extremity. Recent fracture and stiffness in lower extremity. 3.6 VARIABLES: 3.6.1 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Muscle energy technique. Ultrasound therapy with Static stretching. 3.6.2 DEPENDENT VARIABLES: Hamstring flexibility. 3.7 PARAMETERS: Hamstring flexibility 3.8 MEASUREMENT TOOLS: Active knee extension test. Active knee extension test was used for measurement of hamstring tightness. The subject was instructed to lie on their back with hip and knees bent 90 degrees. Pelvic movement was controlled by the use of straps. By using the lateral condyle of femur as the goniometric axis, the stationary arm positioned along the femur, and the movable arm was positioned parallel to the leg. Keep hip and knee in 90 degrees then instruct the subject to straighten the knee as for as possible till a sensation of stretch being felt. Repeat the same for three times and mean were measured as the final result. 3.9 PROCEDURE: GROUP A: MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE. TECHNIQUE USED: Post isometric relaxation. INDIVIDUALS POSITION: Supine lying. PROCEDURE: Ask the individuals to assume supine position. Therapist flexes the affected hip fully and then extends the flexed knee with the back of lower leg resting on the shoulder of the therapist who stands facing the head of the table. Individual is asked to flex i.e. causing downward pressure against the therapist shoulder with the back of lower leg at the same time therapist resist the individuals voluntary effort so that, slight isometric contraction of hamstrings develops and individuals hold this for 10 seconds. After this effort, the individual is asked to exhale and relax the muscle completely. Then the therapist takes the muscle to its new restriction barrier without stretch. Starting from this new barrier, the same procedure is repeated two or three more times. FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a day. TREATMENT DURATION: One week. GROUP B: ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC STRETCHING: ULTRASOUND THERAPY: INDIVIDUALS POSITION: Prone lying PARAMETERS: FREQUENCY: 1 MHz INTENSITY: 2W/cm ² MODE: Continuous. AREA OF APPLICATION: Hamstring area DURATION: Five Minutes daily (Two minutes for medial hamstrings, Two minutes for lateral hamstrings and One min for between the two tendon). FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a day TREATMENT DURATION: One week STATIC STRETCHING: TECHNIQUE USED: Active static stretching. INDIVIDUALS POSITION: Standing position. PROCEDURE: Subjects performed the hamstring stretch by standing erect with the foot planted on the floor and toes pointed forward. The heel of the foot to be stretched was placed on a plinth with the toes directed towards the ceiling. The subject then flexed forward at the hip, maintaining the spine in neutral position while reaching the arm forward. The subjects continued to flex the hip until a gentle stretch was felt in the posterior thigh. Then hold this position for 30 seconds and then relax for 10 seconds and repeat the same procedure for three more times a day. FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a day. TREATMENT DURATION: One week 3.10 STATISTICAL TOOLS The following statistical tools used in this study is Paired t-test and Unpaired t-test Formula: Paired t-test = Where, = difference between the pre test versus post test = mean difference = total number of subjects = standard deviation Unpaired t-test was used to compare the mean difference between Group A and Group B. Formula: Unpaired t-test Where, = Mean of Group A = Mean of Group B Æ’Â ¥ = sum of the value n1 = number of subjects in Group A n1 = number of subjects in Group B S = standard deviation Level of significance: 5% IV.DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION TABLE-1 PAIRED t TEST PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP A GROUP A MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSION The comparative mean values, mean differences, standard deviation and Paired t test values of Group A , who were treated with Muscle energy Technique. S.NO GROUP A MEAN MEAN DEVIATION

Free Things They Carried Essays: Instinct :: Things They Carried Essays

Human Instinct in The Things They Carried Fear is a strong emotion that is constantly haunting the minds of the men in Tim O'Brien's book, The Things They Carried. Fear is handled by different men in different ways. However, through the characters of Dave Jenson and Lee Struck in "Enemies" and "Friends," two opposing reactions can be seen. HCAL defines cultural studies as something that can "...either create community or cause division and alienation"(240). By using cultural studies it is possible to analyze these two stories to understand why these two men react differently to he same emotion under different circumstances. In "Enemies," Jenson and Struck have a fight over a missing jackknife which evolves from a broken nose to a broken mind. The two men become enemies; not only are they faced with the fear of war, but also of the fear of each other. Jenson was affected the most by this. He began to loose his sanity watching both the enemy lines and his own men trusting no one. In an attempt to justify the fight with Struck, he breaks his own nose along with yelling and shooting off rounds of ammunition. The fear that built up inside of Jenson causes him to be alienated from the rest of the Army. Unlike the prior story, in "Friends," fear helps to bring Jenson and Struck closer together. They are both afraid of returning from the war dismembered in some fashion. To prevent this, the men form a agreement that if one of them is hurt in such a way, that the other would kill them. Because of this pact, the men are united with a common trust. This helps to subside the fear and allow them to not be as scared of the war. These two stories show how fear can cause the bond of friendship and community or hatred which resulted in alienation. The two character, Lee Strunk and Dave Jenson, show how a mans reaction to fear can affect him. In the story "Enemies," Jenson slowly begins to isolate himself as a way to keep away from Strunk. He views everyone as the enemy making his foxholes near the perimeter and always keeping his back covered. This constant fear ate way at Jenson until he finally lost his sanity. In "Friends," Jenson and Strunk take deal with fear in a more positive way.

How Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Are Related? Essay

RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center plans to leverage its business model to satisfy three primary consumer needs – information, cost effectiveness and quality in a single place. As far as information generation is concerned, RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center plans to use opinion leaders to generate extensive reviews on popular products. Furthermore RABBIRRA mobile accessory center plans to offer attractive incentives for customers to sign up on our web site and review products. We also plan to import high quality of china model mobile accessories and other countries model. 2. Cost effectiveness: With its expertise in wholesaling and all its suppliers based in China, RABBIRRA mobile accessory center anticipates margins of 30-60% on its products and can react to new entrants by offering similar products at negligible margins. 1. 3 Location Locating the business will be in East showa at Gedo City kebele 01 near Chaliya Hotel. The reason for chosen this location has been the following criteria. In this location we get all facilities easily such as transport, water supply, electric power supply and others, the house rent is very less cost, we get a lot of customers because around the location there is no more other business to operate this activities. It is comfortable to target markets . the location also enables the business to cover a large and rapidly developing customer populace. E-Commerce: The business will make an effort to enhance its sales through a serious and advantageous website in order to attract customers that are reluctant to do business with large companies. 1. 4 Market area The market area of our business plan to selling our mobile accessories is in the center of Gedo City kebele 01. It has a lot of population around here and it is near to Chaliya Hotel. In this area there are a lot of schools, building constrictions, and social and religion institutes, other market centers, hotels and restaurants this give a better advantage of selling our products. 1. 5 Market Segmentation RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center will focus on  five customer groups, bearing in mind that it is quite customary today to have more than one mobile phone per family: * Children in the age group of 14-17 years old Students * General public * Professionals * Service organizations and companies that need to be in constant communication with their employees. Customer potential| Growth| Year 1| Year 2| Year 3| Children(14-17 years)| 3%| 90,000| 92,700| 95,481| Student| 2 %| 50,000| 51,000| 52,020| Professions| 2 %| 40,000| 40,800| 41,616| General public| 2%| 250,000| 255,000| 260,100| Operating service company| 4%| 40,000| 41,600| 43,264| Other| 1%| 30,000| 30,300| 30,603| Total| 2. 29%| 500,000| 511,400| 523,084| Table 1. 1 Main customers of RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center . 6 Total demand The following table is show demands of the product per month and pre year:- Products| Demand per month(quantity)| Demand per year(quantity)| Battery| 100| 1200| Charger| 90| 1080| Memory| 110| 1320| Screen protector| 50| 600| Case| 55| 660| Cover| 95| 1140| Adapter| 75| 900| Earphone| 98| 1176| Headset| 80| 960| Cable| 60| 720| Modem| 45| 240| Audio accessory| 48| 576| Table 1. 2 Main product demands of RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center In general total demand of our business is increased based on as we see that he number of customers are increases and they will satisfy by our product and the place of the business is comfortable for the market. 1. 7 Market Share RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center has set modest goals for gains in market share as can be seen from the chart below. Starting with a market share of 15%, RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center plans to capture 24% of the market by 2016. % 30 25 20 15 10 0 Year 1 year 2 year 3 Fig 1. 1 Market sharing of RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center 1. 8 Selling price Many product sellers are struggle with selling price, and we are regularly asked how we work it out. As much as we want to and the selling price formula is based on â€Å"Rate-Plus Method†. The selling price of each product is the following:- Products| Purchasing price (birr)| Profit ( percent)| Profit (birr)| Selling price(birr)| Battery| 73. 45| 10. 27| 7. 55| 80. 00| Charger| 24. 50| 22. 45| 5. 5| 30. 00| Memory| 65. 70| 14. 15| 9. 30| 75. 00| Screen protector| 43. 80| 14. 15| 6. 20| 50. 00| Case| 17. 00| 17. 65| 3. 00| 20. 00| Cover| 21. 50| 16. 28| 3. 50| 25. 00| Adapter| 18. 60| 18. 28| 3. 40| 22. 00| Earphone| 23. 00| 21. 74| 5. 00| 28. 00| Headset| 85. 40| 17. 38| 14. 60| 100. 00| Cable| 35. 0| 12. 04| 4. 30| 40. 00| Modem| 53. 65| 11. 84| 6. 35| 60. 00| Audio accessory| 92. 00| 19. 58| 18. 00| 110. 00| Table 1. 3 Product selling price of RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center 1. 9 Sales Forecast Sales forecast displayed here is very although we aim very high, we decided to show a very slow growth and revise the plan on a yearly basis. As a rule we expect to expand the volu me much more rapidly Year 1 Products| Amount (quantity)| Price (birr)| Battery| 1,200| 96,800| Charger| 1,080| 32,400| Memory| 1,320| 99,000| Screen protector| 600| 30,000| Case| 660| 13,200| Cover| 1,140| 28,500| Adapter| 900| 19,800| Earphone| 1,176| 32,928| Headset| 960| 96,000| Cable| 720| 28,800| Modem| 540| 32,400| Audio accessory| 576| 63,360| Total| 10,872| 573,188| Table 1. 4 Product Sales Forecast of RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center (year one) Year 2 Products| Amount (quantity)| Price (birr)| Battery| 1344| 107,520| Charger| 1209| 36,270| Memory| 1478| 110,850| Screen protector| 672| 33,600| Case| 739| 14,780| Cover| 1276| 31,900| Adapter| 1008| 22,176| Earphone| 1317| 36,876| Headset| 1075| 107,500| Cable| 806| 32,240| Modem| 605| 36,300| Audio accessory| 642| 70,620| Total| 12,171| 640,632| Table 1. Product Sales Forecast of RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center (year two) Year 3 Products| Amount (quantity)| Price (birr)| Battery| 1505| 120,400| Charger| 1354| 40,620| Memory| 1655| 124,125| Screen protector| 753| 37,650| Case| 828| 16,560| Cover| 1429| 37,725| Adapter| 1128| 24,816| Earphone| 1475| 41,300| Headset| 1204| 120,400| Cable| 903| 36,120| Modem| 678| 40,680| Audio accessory| 719| 79,090| Total | 13,631| 719,486| Table 1. 6 Product Sales Forecast of RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center (year three) Fig 1. 2 Product Sales Forecast of RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center 1. 10 Promotion measures Primarily when we begin agreement selling the product we sell that product price without including our labor and other expenses sell the product only the cost of the purchasing product. In addition to this we advertisement by satisfied customers, use of posters, Brochures, billboards and regular prompt supply by the manufacturer. 1. 11 Marketing Strategy Short-term marketing strategies are those that bring  will bring us  a temporary boost in traffic. Although these techniques are very important to  our over-all plan, they are only a temporary traffic source and must not be solely relied upon. Short-term marketing strategies include: * Purchasing Advertising * Bulletin Boards * Search Engines Long-term marketing strategies are those that will bring  us a steady stream of targeted traffic over time. These strategies will continue to produce results even years down the road. Long-term marketing strategies include: * Decide-in Lists * Free gift * Content By creating and implementing a balanced marketing strategy, using both short-term and long-term strategies,  RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center  will drive a steady stream of targeted traffic to our website. Using this simple formula when creating  our Internet marketing strategy and excelling at all three, we hope to  guarantee our success. Our short-term marketing strategy will focus heavily on sales promotion, niche positioning in the market and customer service with loyalty and retention in sales. Our promotions will always stay in tune with our company objectives and mission statement. Sales Strategy Constructing our Sales Strategy we shall follow the following steps: Sales Success Requires Planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ we shall formulate our sales strategy and tactics to achieve our sales success. Analyze Our Potential  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ we shall step through a structured process that will prepare  us for the development of our sales strategy. Strategize Around Strengths  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the description of our sales activity  will be analyzed producing a report that reveals factors impacting our sales potential. Develop Our Tactics  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ we shall receive guidance to develop a comprehensive tactical plan to achieve our success. Measures Our Success  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ we shall constantly develop key measurements that mark the progress of financial estimates that guide our growth. Employ an Action Plan for Success  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ we shall provide our sales force a clear tactical plan that is also aligned with management’s strategic objectives. The sales strategy of RABBIRRA mobile accessory center is simple. The key to customer satisfaction is having the product and  services  that meet the customer’s needs. A crucial part of that is to also have knowledgeable  employees to help customers quickly find what they want. 1. 12 Marketing budget RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory has a high quality products compare to our competitors. We have a skillful promotion is social networks other advertising business card to peoples, by allocating brochures, Billboards and other tools. Since those costs that are used in our promotion are not too much costly because we develop by ourselves. In addition to this promotion in social networks in not costly it is free to post our products to advertise. Totally we for month marketing budget of birr 40 or annual budget of birr 480. Chapter two 2. Production 2. 1 Production Process The production process is a component appearing under the operating plan of the overall of our business plan. The production process is the process a product or service takes in order for it to become ready for customers to buy. In our business we have no production process since we are not going to produce production materials instead we are going to share the product as a centralized organ. To progresses our business the following things should be fulfilled. 1. Selecting the appropriate place to sale our products 2. Having enough money to do the business 3. Decide what customers available for our production 2. 2 Fixed Capital Fixed capital Building 11,400(annually in birr) Equipment: Computers 8,000 ? 1 =8,000 3 Shelves 2,000 x 3 =6,000 3 tables 500 x 3=1,500 4 chairs 450Ãâ€"4=1,800 1 speaker 650Ãâ€"1=650 2 adapters 60Ãâ€"2=120 2 calculators 90Ãâ€"2=180 Total fixed asset 29,650 2. 3 Life of fixed capitals The life of the fixed building is undetermined because it is not owned by us. The life of computers, shelves, tables, speakers, chairs and adapters are more than 10 years because we can maintain computers, speakers and adapters when it fails and we repair chairs and tables when it breaks. The life of a shelf is more than 10 years because it is regularly used when we are putting materials. The annual depreciation cost, assuming no scrap value, will therefore be: 5 % of 11,400 (Building)Birr 570 10% of 18,250 (equipment) Birr 1,825 Annual depreciation cost: Birr 2,395 . 4 Maintenance and repairs Because of simplicity of equipment the worker of the shop can maintain and repair the things that needed to repair. When we say mobile accessory sales we can conclude that maintain and repair the mobile accessories, such as mobile cover, changing mobiles ice, screen protector and etc. 2. 5 Source of Equipment Source of our equipment are the super market, Production suppliers, and etc. 2. 6 Plan ed capacity The capacity to sale equipment should be greater than the existing one. Also attraction of customer should be better than the others. 0% of equipment should be sale per a day. 50% per a week and 90% per a month. 2. 7 Future capacity In the future we are going to increase customer by increasing the quality of our service more and more. After two year we will open the branch of our Business in appropriate place and we will open job opportunity for jobless persons. 2. 8 Terms and conditions of purchase of Equipment There is no raw material we need since we are not producing by our self simply we get or purchase the equipment from the organization of the product. 2. 9 Factory location and layout Our Mobile accessory Center will be located in one room which is used for selling room. The total size of the rooms will be on 15sq. ft. We does not use any other materials therefore there is no estimation of cost of raw materials and their availability. 2. 10 Labor The manager by himself can participate in working and manages other workers and equipment. And also supervise the entire of the work. 2. 11 Cost of labor The owner will pay will pay himself a wage of birr 1000 and his assistant will be paid birr 600 per month. The other labor get 200 birr and Indirect labor Birr per Month 5 Owner / manager 700 x5=3,500 Sweeper 200 x1=200 Total 3,700 Direct labor Birr per Month Worker 350Ãâ€"1 = 350 Total labor cost 4,050 2. 12 Labor availability Workers available all the time since there are more educated persons in Ethiopia. So we can get labor whenever we need. 2. 13 Labor productivity The wage for workers will paid on holly day depending on condition of market 2. 14 Factory overhead Expenses Factory overhead in our business consists of the following things Per Month Birr Indirect labor 3,700 Electricity and telephone 100 Transport of Materials 200 Total factory overhead 4,000 2. 15 Production cost 1. Direct labor Birr per month Worker 350 x1= 350 2. Factory overhead Expenses Birr per month Indirect labor 3,700 Electricity and telephone 100 Transport of Materials 200 Total factory overhead 4,000 Total production cost 4,350 Chapter Three 3. Organizations and Management 3. 1 Form of Business The business will be registered under the name â€Å"RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center† as a sole proprietorship and owned by Mr. PeterosTona, RebumaYadasa, Shiferaw Tegen, SadikAwol and Siraj Ahmed . It will have its business address located at West showa in Gedo City. 3. 2 Organizational Structure The proprietors have their individual accountability and burdens in successively the business consecutively the business. General Manager Mr. PetrosTona, Finance manager Mr. ShiferawTegen, Marketing and Purchasing Manager RebumaYadasa, Seller Mr. SadikAwol and Mr. Sirage Ahmed as main division of work and when work loaded all members is work as Seller. Two part time will be hired for customers contact and reservation the needs of the regulars. When work load is happens all owners can cover each other tasks to minimize overload of the work. Fig 3. 1 Organizational Structure General Manager Mr. Petros Tona Marketing and purchasing Manager Mr. Rebuma Yadasa Finance manager Mr. Shifera Tegen Seller Mr. SadikAwol and Siraj Ahmed Worker (To be hired) 3. Business experience and qualifications of the entrepreneur Most of the proprietors do not have a proper way business experience but our satisfaction we learn several thing about business in two subjects. The primary of this satisfaction is we learn entrepreneurship and small business management course. In this course we have a good knowledge and confidence to work this business. The other course we take Economi cs, it related to business. All entrepreneurs will get BSC degree in computer science from Jimma University. They took varies major and common course during the 4 years program. Some of the major courses are Calculus , discrete math, economics advanced programming, object oriented programming, fundamental of database system, Internet programming, advanced database system, computer graphics, data communication and computer network, wireless communication and mobile computing, artificial intelligence, distributed system, multimedia system, computer security, formal language theory, compiler design, complex theory, statistics and others. 3. 4 Pre-Operation Activities We listed down the following activates to be started before we can activate our business: 1. Process the steps needed for business 1 day 2. Preparing expressing the business plan 5 weeks 3. Applying for a loan and approval 3 weeks 4. Contact product suppliers 1 week 5. Employment labor 2 days 6. Purchasing product 4 days 7. Setting up the product 1 day We intended to start the operation approximately five months after our credit application, eight weeks after release our loan. Table 3. 1 Giant chart Pre-Operation Activities| Time Table (in weeks)| | 1| 2| 3| 4 | 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| Registering the business| | | | | | | | | | | Preparing the business plan| | | | | | | | | | | Applying for a loan and approval| | | | | | | | | | | Contact equipment suppliers| | | | | | | | | | | Construction the factory| | | | | | | | | | | Hiring labor| | | | | | | | | | | Equipment purchasing| | | | | | | | | | | RABBIRRA Mobile Accessory Center pre-operation activities 3. 5 Pre- Operation Expenses Our Pre-operation is that we have to decide the place properly to progresses our business. Pre-operating Expense birr Registration cost 200 Electricity 150 Transportation cost 100 Total Pre-operating expense450 3. 6 Office equipment We will just buy three inexpensive tables which are suitable for computers and four chairs, calculators and stabilizer. All this costs birr 18,250. The monthly and annually depreciation for this equipment will be birr 22and 1,825 respectively. 3. 7 Administrative Expense The entrepreneur wants to keep our cost low in order to be competitive. Our monthly administrative expense consists of: Birr Treasure allowance (wife) 290 Depreciation of office equipment 22 Supplies and communication 30 Electricity 200 Total 542 Chapter Four 4 Financial Plan 4. 1 Project cost 4. 1. 1 Fixed assets Building 11,400(Annually in birr) Equipment18,250 Total fixed assets29,650 29,650 4. . 2 Pre-Operation Expense 450 4. 1. 3 Working Capital Monthly purchasing price of each product= monthly amount of each product x purchasing price of each product Annually purchasing price of each product= monthly amount of each product x purchasing price of each product x 12 Products| Monthly amount| Purchasing price(birr) per month| Annually amount | Purchasing price(birr) per year| Battery| 100| 7,345| 1200| 88,140| Charger| 90| 2,205| 1080| 26,460| Memory| 110| 7,22 7| 1320| 86,724| Screen protector| 50| 2,190| 600| 26,280| Case| 55| 935| 660| 11,220| Cover| 95| 2,042. 50| 1140| 24,510| Adapter| 75| 1,395| 900| 16,740| Earphone| 98| 2,254| 1176| 27,048| Headset| 80| 6,832| 960| 81,984| Cable| 60| 2,142| 720| 25,704| Modem| 45| 2,414. 25| 240| 28,971| Audio accessory| 48| 4,416| 576| 52,992| Total| 906| 41,397. 75| 10,872| 496,773| The cost of one month of Purchasing product 41,397. 75 Values of each needed for operation. This will be The cost of one month of labor and overhead 8,050 Total working capital49,447. 75 49,447. 75 Total capital requirement 79,547. 75 4. 2 Financing plan and loan Requirement Initially individually we collect 8,500 birr for each of us which results 42,500 birr covering the cost of building, equipment, labor, factory overhead and pre-operating expense. A loan will be required for the purchasing of product. Particulars| Owner’s equity | Loan | Total | Fixed Capitals| (in birr )| Building | 11,400| -| 11,400| Equipment| 18,250| -| 18,250| Pre-operation expense| 450| -| 450| Working capital| 12,400| 37,047. 75| 49,447. 75| Total | 42,500| 37,047. 75| 79,547. 75| Percent | 53. 43 %| 46. 57%| 100%| 4. 3 security for loan All of owners have a land which is valued at birr 50,000. This land is pledge as security against the loan. 4. 4 Profit and loss statement Birr Sales of 10,872 products with form table of year one sale 573,188 Less: The cost of one month of Purchasing product x 12 496,773 Labor: birr 350 ? 12 4,200 Overhead: birr 4000 ? 12 48,000 548,973 GROSS PROFIT 24,215 Less: Marketing and administration cost birr 40 ? 12 +542Ãâ€"12=480+6504 6,984 OPERATING PROFIT17,231 Less: interest expense 3,705 NET PROFIT BEFORE TAX13,526 For the next three years, the projected income statement appear below Projected income statement (birr) Year| 1| 2| 3| Sales target| 10872| 12171| 13631| Capacity | 76%| 88%| 100%| Sales | 573188| 640632| 719486| Less:| | | | Labor| 4200| 4200| 4200| Overhead| 48000| 48000| 48000| Manufacturing | 52,200| 52200| 52,200| Gross Profit| 24,215| 91,659| 170,513| Less: Mktg&Adm cost| 6,984| 6,984| 6,984| Net Profit Before interest and tax| 17,231| 84,675| 163,529| Less: Interest| 3,705| 2,470| 1,235| Net profit before tax| 13,526| 82,205| 162,294| Accumulative Profit | 13,526| 95,731| 258,025| 4. 5 Cash flow statement Projected cash flow statements (Birr) Particulars| Pre-operation period | Year| | | 1| 2| 3| Cash Inflow| | | | | Equity| 42,500| -| -| -| Borrowing | 37,047| -| -| -| Cash sales *| | 573,188| 640,632| 719,486| Total Cash Inflow| 79,547| 573,188| 640,632| 719,486| Cash Outflow| | | | | Pre-operation expense | 450| -| -| -| Purchase of fixed asset| 29,650| -| -| -| Purchasing product| | 496,773| 556,385| 623,151| Direct Labor | -| 4,200| 4,200| 4,200| Factory/operation Overheads **| -| 48,000| 48,000| 48,000| Market expenses | -| 480| 480| 480| Administrative expense **| -| 6,504| 6,504| 6,504| Interest expense| -| 3,705| 2,470| 1,235| Loan amortization| -| 12,349| 12,349| 12,349| Total cash outflow| 30,100| 572,011| 630,388| 695,919| Net cash Inflow(outflow)| 49,447| 1,177| 10,244| 23,567| Cash Balance Beginning | -| 49,447| 48,270| 58,514| Cash Balancing Ending | 49,447| 48,270| 58,514| 82,081| 4. 6 Balance sheet Projected balanced sheet particular| Pre-operating period| Year | | 1| 2| 3| Assets| | | | | Current asset | | | | | Cash| 49,447| 48,270| 58,514| 82,081| Total current assets | 49,447| 48,270| 58,514| 82,081| Fixed assets | | | | | Building| 11,400| 11,400| 11,400| 11,400| Equipment | 18,250| 18,250| 18,250| 18,250| Net fixed assets | 29,650| 29,650| 29,650| 29,650| Total fixed assets| | | | | Other assets | | | | | Pre-operation expenses | 450| | | | Total assets | 79,547| 79,547| 79,547| 79,547| Liabilities | | | | | Current liabilities | | | | | Loans payable| -| 12,349| 12,349| 12,349| Total current liabilities| | 12,349| 12,349| 12,349| Long term liabilities| | | | | Loan payable| 37,047 | 24,698| 12,349| -| Total long term liabilities| 37,047 | 24,698| 12,349| -| Owners’ equity| | | | | Capital beginning | 42,500| 42,500| 42,500| 42,500| Accumulated capital| -| 42,500| 42,500| 42,500| Add: net profit after tax| | 13,526| 82,205| 162,294| Total owners’ equity| | 56,026| | | Total liabilities and equity| 79,547| 79,547| 79,547| 79,547| 4. 7 Loan Repayment schedule The loan of birr will be paid over a 3 year period. The repayment schedule is as follows: Year | Amount principal outstanding | of installment due at 10%| Interest amount | Total | 1| 37,047| 12,349| 3,705| 16,054| 2| 24,698| 12,349| 2,470| 14,819| | 12,349| 12,349| 1,235| 13,584| 4. 8 Break –even Point (BEP) The brake even point can be calculated as follows Birr Annual sales 573,188 -Annual Fixed cost: Owners’ salary birr 5 ? 700= 3500 /month 42,000 Annual interest 3705 Annual factory depreciation ,395 Other overheads 300/month 3,600 Marketing and administrative cost 6,984 58,684 Annual Variable Cost s: Direct labor 350/month 4,200 Purchasing product 496,773 500,973 Annual Sales ? Annual Fixed Cost = BEP (Annual Sales) Annual sales – annual variable Costs 573,188 x 58, 684 ________________________________________________________ 573,188 -500,973 =465,789 BEP (Annual production) 465,789 BEP percentage Annual fixed cost x 100 _______________________________________ Annual sale – annual variable cost =BEP (percentage) 58,684 x 100 _________________ 573,188- 500,973 = 81. 26% BEP in annual sales = BEP% x annual sales 81. 26 x 573,188 =465,789 4. 9 Return on Investment (ROI) The ROI for this project is as follows: Annual Net Profit 13,526 ____________________________ = ________________ x100 Total Capital Requirement 79,547 = 17% ROI is therefore, 17% The return on owner’s investment (RIO) is: Annual Net Profit 13,526 ____________________________ = __________ x 100 Owners’ investment 42,500 =31. 83% RIO is, therefore, 31. 83%.

Chinese History: The Han Dynasty Essay

The Han Dynasty was founded by Liu Bang in 206 BCE. He came of peasant stock and rose to power slowly from being a petty government official to the role of emperor. Liu Bang ruled China for eleven years with felicity and wisdom. He was intelligent and sought to win over the elder statesmen by promising to eliminate all the harsh laws of the Qin government. His experience as the â€Å"neighborhood head† (Hansen 114) had given him the opportunity to be familiar with the legal system of the Qin Dynasty and he made full use of this knowledge to establish a rule of prosperity and leave a long line of rulers who ruled for four hundred years in China. This paper will discuss such themes as have emerged from the research done of the Han Dynasty and will be divided into sections each dealing with one theme at a time. State and Succession: The state of China that Liu Bang wrested from the Qin ruler was in turmoil with several intrigues being hatched by the court officials against the cruelty of the Qin ruler. The rebels wanted to place the first son of the emperor to the throne but Liu Bang was able to defeat the rebels and ascended the throne as the founder of the Han dynasty. He used both stratagem and skill to either defeat his rivals or win them over with promises of sweeping changes in the administration and the legal system. The extent of his empire was divided between his nine brothers and one hundred and fifty loyal followers. The only region that was under direct control of the emperor was the western part of the empire with its capital at Changan and comprised about one-third of the total empire. His rule from 206- 195 BCE was not without troubles. He had to spend a lot of his time trying to suppress rebellions in different parts of his empire and at this time China was invaded several times by the powerful Xiongnu tribe. After being defeated by them Liu Bang concluded a humiliating treaty with the shanyu, leader of the Xiongnu, by which he had to grant equal status to the Xiongnu people and marry the Chinese Princess to the shanyu. As a result of this diplomatic gesture the Xiongnu people promised to leave China alone and not invade them any further. Liu Bang was followed by his fifteen year old son Huidi to the throne, who ruled for seven years from 195- 188 BCE. After his death the reigns of the kingdom was taken over by the widow of Liu Bang, Empress Lu who ruled in the name of Han dynasty for eight years between 188 and 180 BCE. She placed minor princes to the throne and ruled as their guardian and was able to bring peace and stability to the empire. After the death of Empress Lu intrigue again raised its head and senior court officials placed the son of Liu Bang’s concubine who was a puppet in their hands. The descendants of Liu Bang’s relative continued to rule two thirds of China while the Han Dynasty was directly in charge of only a third of the entire empire. Emperor Wu ascended the throne at the age of fifteen in 140 BCE. For the first few years of his reign he was under the control of his grandmother, the dowager Empress Dou and his uncle who was his chancellor. However, from 131 BCE, after the death of the chancellor, Emperor Wu took full charge of his kingdom and established an empire based on the principles of Confucius. He is credited with having extended the Han Empire in the southern districts and continued to maintain diplomatic relations with the Xiongnu people by paying them annuity in keeping with the treaty signed by Liu Bang. Emperor Wu was a follower of Dong Zhongshu, a student of Confucianism and under his influence established Confucian schools in every district. Emperor Wu strengthened the bureaucracy and curtailed the powers of the regional rulers who had been given kingdoms by Liu Bang (Hansen 127). He ruled as a despot with unlimited powers until his death in 87 BCE. He dissolved the position of the Chancellor and promoted his step brother-in-law to the position of regent who put minor princes on the throne and ruled in their name, thus weakening the power and influence of the Han dynasty. The influence of the Han dynasty was later restored by the support of some powerful consort families to which it remained beholden. The consort families wanted to marry their daughters to the emperor in the hope of becoming regents of minor princes and ruling in their names. One of the notable emperors of the later Han dynasty was Emperor Huan, who ruled from 146-168 A. D. Emperor Huan threw the yoke of dominance by the consort family by hatching a plot against them with the help of eunuchs. He managed to break free of the consort family’s stranglehold but set a precedence of encouragement of the eunuchs that did not augur well for the Han dynasty. The last of the Han rulers was a puppet ruler who had to abdicate and thus bring about the end of the Han dynasty in 220 A. D. Administration: Liu Bang had established some good norms of governance that were refined and made more effective by some of the other prominent Han emperors. The administration was carried out at two levels, the central government and the local governments. There were three major divisions of the central government; collection of taxes, maintaining the army and overseeing the work of the government officials. The three divisions of the local governments were later modified to include; registering population, collecting taxes, maintaining waterways, dispensing justice and recommending educated men for government positions. After becoming emperor, Liu Bang distributed his kingdom between his nine brothers and sons and gave them the titles of kings and named a hundred and fifty men from the nobility, marquis and gave them portions of the kingdom as well. These later became the regional kingdoms of China. The land directly under the control of the emperor was divided into one hundred commanderies which were further divided into one hundred and fifty counties. Under Emperor Wu the inheritance of land laws were changed and the land was divided equally between all the sons of the Emperor and did not go only to the eldest son after his death. He also altered the practice of appointing sons of the noble families to high official positions and started the practice of appointing his own nominated officials to government positions. The land revenue had been fixed at one fifteenth by Liu Bang and it was later reduced to one thirtieth by later emperors. However, with the introduction of reforms and establishment of schools and Confucian institutions Emperor Wu realized that the land revenue collected from taxes was not enough to finance his reform projects. So he issues government monopolies on salt and iron. The society under Han dynasty was divided broadly into two categories; the land owners and the slaves. The structure was not rigid and the emperor had the power to strip a land owner or noble of his land and powers and a slave could buy his freedom and become elevated in social stature. There was great disparity of wealth in the Han society. The rulers used to make grants of land to nobles who gradually made them very powerful and corrupt. They stopped paying land revenue and the revenue dropped considerably so that the emperor had to limit the size of the land holding and number of slaves in 7 BCE. The later Han rulers were able to hold on to their position of power and rule with the help of a few powerful consort families. They dare not challenge their power and gave in to most of their demands. In the third and fourth centuries of Han rule eunuchs became very powerful after the Han Emperor Huan enlisted their support to overthrow the yoke of the noble families and they played an important role in court intrigues. Crime and punishment: Liu Bang became familiar with the legal system of the Qin dynasty as a neighborhood head and realized that though the main tenets of law and justice in the Qin dynasty were good, some of the punishments meted out were harsh and barbaric. It was with a promise to change these laws that he was able to come into power in 206 BCE. Eventually, he ended up modifying some of the laws and relaxing punitive corporal punishments like beheading. Since he had to depend a lot on the support of the rich and noble families, members of these families were almost exempt from corporal punishment. Most offenders could get away with paying a huge fine or being confined to rigorous labor like masonry for men and pounding grains foe women were the most common punishments. More severe offenses were awarded amputation of a limb or cutting off of the nose. Shaving off the head and beard and tattooing were considered severe enough punishments for lesser crimes. In keeping with Laozi’s teachings, law was considered to be â€Å"the way† that emperors were supposed to rule their empire. Everyone was considered to be equal in the eyes of law. But in reality it remained a guideline and was not always implemented, the rich people usually got less rigorous punishments could pay their way out of serving punishment sentences. There was no law or power to curb the powers of the ruler. The framework for a good legal system was present and rulers like Emperor Wu made use of the law to curb the rising clout of the nobility. Role of women and eunuchs: Chinese society was male dominated and the position of women was not very enviable. The birth of a girl child was not very welcome. According to Ban Zhao, who was the scholarly and brilliant sister of court historian, Ban Gu, there were three things that had to be performed when a girl was born. The infant needed to be kept under the bed indicating that her position was lowly and weak. She would be given a potsherd to play with reminding her that she needed to work hard all her life and that the announcement of a girl child to the ancestors needed to be accompanied with an offering to remind the child that she was born to serve them. She mentions four virtues that women should practice; â€Å"womanly virtue, womanly words, womanly bearing and womanly work† (Hansen 139). Women were mostly relegated to the chores of cooking, sewing and weaving and hardly ever had the opportunity to voice their opinions. Ban Zhao advocated the education of women. She preached that both men and women must understand their respective duties and work together to make the marriage work well. She agreed that women must do the household chores but not be ignorant and serve as a slave. She must not be manhandled and treated badly and she should not argue as well. It was a poor man’s bad luck to have a daughter while the rich families could afford daughters and used them to their advantage by marrying them to emperors or nobility. Though the general condition of women in China was not encouraging there have been some powerful empresses like dowager Empress Dou who ruled in the name of the Han dynasty and brought peace and stability to the kingdom. The instances of the dowager empresses and that of Ban Zhao are examples of how women could break out of stereotypical roles if they wanted to. The Emperor had harems full of women concubines. Emperor Huan was said to have six thousand women in his harem. As the Han dynasty’s rule extended to the third or the fourth centuries the role of eunuchs became very important in the kingdoms. The eunuchs were usually kept along with womenfolk in the imperial households and played a part in the court intrigues. Like the women dowager empresses they would usually place a minor prince on the throne and rule in their names as their regents. It was during the reign of Emperor Huan that the eunuchs became very powerful because the Emperor hatched a coup to overthrow the influential consort families with the help of the eunuchs. A bitter conflict between the eunuchs and the consort families ensued only to be put down by General Cao Cao when he became regent. Philosophy and Society: Liu Bang was respectful of Confucian thought and philosophy but was not slavish to it. For example he did not allow personal ties to come between him and his ambitions (Hansen115). The Huang –Lao school of thought founded on the teachings of Laozi and Huang commended their teachings in the books, The Way and Integrity Classic and The Classic of Law. These books gave guidance in various aspects of life and living. However, they could not check the power of a ruler who did not abide by its laws and where there was poor governance. These teachings were contrary to what Confucians believed and taught Emperor Wu was greatly under the influence of Dong Zhongshu, who believed that the emperor was the link between heaven and his subjects. When Emperor Wu came to power he established Confucian academies in all the districts in order to centralize its power. As the Huang-Lao philosophy was contradictory to the Confucian philosophy Emperor Wu enforced the closure of these schools and established Confucian schools in every district. Emperor Wu was the first to establish the Confucian canon by had Confucian school of thought and institutions in all the counties. He believed in the Confucian principle that if a ruler ruled his kingdom well heaven would support him and if there were poor governance then the he would incur the wrath of the heavens and his kingdom would be afflicted with floods, droughts and other natural calamities. The tombs of the marquis of Mawangdui and his family bear testament to the Han dynasty’s belief in afterlife. It also demonstrates that people had two kinds of souls – one was the superior spirit soul or hun that was free to travel to the land of the immortals and the other the inferior body soul or po which had to reside in the tomb and if not taken care of in its tomb, it may have to travel to the netherworld. The tomb had to be supplied with replicas of gold and bronze coins, lacquer vessels, ceramics and bamboo suitcases. The food items that can be assumed to have been presented to Lady Dai, the wife of the marquis, are meat dishes and beer. The scenes depicted within the tomb provide an insight into their ideas of afterlife. The top section depicts two gods of destiny who keep records of the individual’s life and the moon and sun with their residents and the Queen Mother of the West. From the above study we see that the various themes that emerged during the course of Chinese history have shaped the philosophical and political destiny of China. The present day Chinese beliefs can trace their roots in this period of history. That history of a nation or people is dynamic and sustainable is borne out by the fact that many of the Chinese institutions and policies were shaped by the values and laws of the Han dynasty.

Translation of dracula Essay Example

Translation of dracula Essay Example Translation of dracula Essay Translation of dracula Essay history remains the most valuable and sacred bequest of a state and therefore it should non be, by any agencies, profaned. The chosen text was written by Professor Ioan Prahoveanu in the signifier of historical essay, framed by popular beliefs sing the unusual nature of the Un-dead ( lamias ) that have Dracula as cardinal representative. Although publicizer in nature, the text ( posted on a touristry website advertisement the Bran Castle in Romania ) , is non at all commercial in content, since the message it conveys is non taking to increase the popularity of the palace by concentrating on Count Dracula as a touristic icon. On the contrary, Prof. Prahoveanu intends to unveil the manner Draculea decayed, rendering from the position of greatest, yet most ill-famed Rumanian voivode Vlad the Impaler to the disused image of a touristically exploited character,count Dracula. Furthermore, the writer h3ly accuses Stoker for the black degeneracy he has projected over the mediaeval voievode, for he has wholly ignored the effects of weighing the character s historical ground tackles ; his careless act resulted into Draculea s random float towards future, with nil but a label on that said Vampire watch out! Not to advert the laziness of making research for his novel merely in British libraries and museums ( where old maps and German histories were at disposal ) , alternatively of really prosecuting in a trip to Transylvania, for the exclusive intent of placing his character s reliable beginnings. These are the grounds why Prahoveanu had chosen to stress historical truth over phantasy, an attack meant to mirror discontent towards Stoker s insanity of falsifying history in favor of his much profitable vampire-story of which 90 % is fiction. Purportedly, the text in treatment was originally written in English, since it is presented like a complex and well-referenced essay, whereas its Rumanian version played the function of a summary-translation ( whole paragraphs of the ST are here omitted ) , adapted to the original. Possibly, the transcriber s scheme was to supply a shorter TT for the readership, in order to avoid their deficiency of involvement in the topic, for the ST is, as you may see, so excessively long for an online text. To some extent, this attack may be acceptable, due to the fact that the TL is Rumanian and so is the nationality of the mark readership ; in this context, a summary-translation of the original text is non unconventional, since the enlargement ( dwelling in elaborate historical facts ) provided for an English speech production populace would be excess to the Rumanian readership, already familiarized to the scenes depicted. On the contrary, our pick to this respect was to supply the readership with a full interlingual rendition of the ST, since it presents the couple Draculea-Dracula in an outstanding comparative mode, supported by rich mentions to popular beliefs and patterns that mirror the barbarian dimension of the world. We have considered the human-faced devil ( the motivation of the ST ) , presented in the cases of autocratic voivode and immortal count, the really look of adult male s double nature ( societal animate being and animate being ) , therefore supplying the full interlingual rendition of the ST for a better apprehension of the myth, as karyon of historical truth. In regard to the TT length, a solution in showing the whole interlingual rendition, without losing the readership s involvement in the events depicted, is suggested: a different format of the text. So as to continue the same sober and cryptic tone induced by the web page design, the TT presentation might take the form of a dust-covered manuscript, waiting to be opened by the reader. Furthermore, the text, written with Gothic characters, could be divided in two subdivisions entitledDraculea s Historic TruthandThe Legend of Dracula, each structured on conclusive episodes, easy to be accessed by the reader with a individual mouse-click on the page. In this manner, the lector may jump whatever portion he is non interested in, he will be able to read faster and understand better the TT due to its clear construction and page layout. Translation Commentary Purposesand schemes in the interlingual rendition procedure The cardinal intent of this interlingual rendition is to supply our readership with a transparent TT, for we aim at doing our reader perceive the text as an original and non as a interlingual rendition. Consequently, the TT was born in conformance with the norms imposed by the Rumanian linguistic communication, with regard to all lingual degrees. Furthermore, we desire to maintain Prof. Prahoveanu s discontent towards Stoker s attitude emphasized and integral all the manner through, in the sense of carefully continuing the writer s irony and lasting tone of dissatisfaction in all lingual facets. This step needs to be taken for we portion the writer s reaction to Stoker s insanity and by protecting his place, we really strengthen ours. In this sense, the interlingual renditionis non so much concerned with giving information as with making in the reader something of the same temper as was conveyed by the original.( Venuti, 2004: 154 ) With respect to the scheme adopted in the TT, the one to match wholly to our ends wasdomestication, as: a ) It is non practical to enforce the SL norms on the TL ; B ) To interpret is to pass on ;hence,while transfering a text into another civilization, a transcriber must consider over the cultural intension ; degree Celsius ) Readers may hold a better apprehension if the content and signifier of the version are within their easy range, so a transcriber should seek his best to subject the beginning civilization to the mark civilization ; vitamin D ) A transcriber should non be so demanding on readers intelligence and imaginativeness as to go forth them in a battle in understanding the different universe reflected in another linguistic communication.( Guo, 1998: 13 qtd. in Preliminary Literature Review on Domestication and Foreignisation ) . Furthermore, the type of equality adopted wasdynamic equality( Nida qtd. in Venuti, 2004:156 ) , since wepurpose at complete naturalness of look( Venuti, 2004:156 ) . Further, we would prefer to allow the TT speak for itself. Text Analysis In the first paragraph, the auctorial dissension is mirrored in buildings such asdramatically accentuated by the Irishman Bram Stoker interpretate dramatic? n viziunea irlandezului Bram Stoker orfictional character, Dracula personajul fictiv, contele Dracula , as opposed tothe consequence of legendary yet, echt historical facts of Vlad the Impaler s reign rezultatul interferen? ei unor fapte istorice legendare, definitorii pentru domnia voievodului Vlad? epe? , buildings that build a h3 antithesis betweenthe voivode Dracula, symbol of historic truth, andcount Dracula, symbol of fable, subjectivism and wildly irresponsible imaginativeness. Furthermore, the dualityvoivode-countwas intentionally stressed within the interlingual rendition with the clear intent of indicating out the historical complexness of the former character compared to the ordinary simpleness of the latter. As one may detect the wordcountis non mentioned by the writer in the ST ; still, it was added in the TT in order to kill the count s shadow over the voivode s aureate yesteryear. Furthermore, the wordcountwas consciously non-capitalised, for obtaining a minimisation consequence of the character, by contrast to Stoker s original spelling,Count ( Dracula ). Another manner used in accomplishing minimisation is expressed in the phraseby the Irishman,replacement for Irish writer in order to cut down Stoker properties as a author. The same sarcastic tone was dependably preserved within the interlingual rendition by the lexical attacks mentioned above. The writer adopts a somewhat different agencies in laudingWallachia s swayer domnitorul? arii Rom A ; acirc ; ne? Ti during the following textual sequence: he does non showthe voivodeandthe countrelatively any longer, but refers toVlad the Impaler„Vlad? epe? entirely. As a maestro of words, Prahoveanu designates an highly powerful vocalization for the beginning of this paragraph, which sinks the portrayal of the count in an ocean of limbo, without even adverting his presence:The truth about Wallachia s swayer, Vlad the Impaler ( 1456-1462, 1476 ) is known from infinite academic documents written by both Romanian and foreign historians Adevarul despre domnitorul? arii Rom A ; acirc ; ne? Ti, Vlad? epe? ( 1456-1462, 1476 ) , este consemnat A ; icirc ; n numeroase lucrari autentice, scrise de istorici read-only memory A ; acirc ; ni? one straini deopotriva. Appositions such asWallachia s swayer, Vlad the Impaleror word associations likeinfinite academic documentsandboth Romanian and foreign historiansexemplify the popularity and acknowledgment of the voivode at national and international graduated table likewise. Furthermore, the auctorial esteem for Vlad the Impaler is highlighted by looks such ash3 leading domnie autoritara , h3 defense mechani sm defensiva puternica orlaudably encompassed ? nglobate admirabil . Notable is the fact that this paragraph is the first of a series in which quotation marks arelaudably encompassedwithin the ST. The inquiry is whether to interpret these quotation marks or look for their original signifier in mention plants ; the pick was to supply the readership with the original quotation marks, as they occur in histories or history books, since their sacred kernel is non to be profaned by the lexical intervention of an foreigner. Consequently,When a adult male or Godhead is h3 and powerful he can do peace whichever manner he wishes yet, when he is weak, person h3er will come onto him and submit him to his clemency, the message addressed to the people of Bra? Orange Group in the missive of September tenth 1456, was translated with the original quotation mark Atunci degree Celsius A ; acirc ; nd un om sau un domn este tare Si puternic A ; icirc ; n interior, atunci poate face pacea cum vrea ; iar c amp ; acirc ; nd este fara putere, unul mai tare Virginia veni asupra lui Si Virginia face copper vitamin D A ; acirc ; nsul ce va vrea. The ground for this pick, which applies with no exclusion to all similar state of affairss, consists in the desire of non losing the historical burden of these great words, placed in a peculiar context and era and carefully interpreted by the historiographers of the clip. Further conclusive illustrations in this sense will be provided for the reader in the undermentioned heroic poem sequences. The specificity of this interlingual rendition is outlined non merely by the fidelity shown to the ST with respect to the lasting show of 3Dimensional irony, but besides by several imposed TT attacks, distinctive from the writer s initial preparations, needed in the building of TT transparence. As one may detect in the 3rd paragraph, the interlingual rendition ofVlad the Impaleris non Vlad? epe? any longer, like in the first transition of the essay ( where the full interlingual rendition of the name is used for mirroring the magnificence of the historic figure it denotes ) , but ? epe? the appellative recounted in histories every bit good as in the corporate memory of the Rumanian people, given after the cold penalty he practiced. The thought is that in a Rumanian historical text, the frequent usage of the signifier Vlad? epe? would be unusual and excess, as if decreasing the impact of this name on the readership, whereas in a similar English text, the writer would hold no oth er alternate than composing the swayer s full name, otherwise put on the lining to destruct the integrity of the appellative and go forth it nonmeaningful: merely note the difference in sense and stylistic consequence for Vlad the Impaler and ( the ) Impaler . A similar instance would be the one ofWallachia, the feudal district situated north from the Danube and south from the Carpatians, the external mention for ? Ara Rom A ; acirc ; neasca or Zemli Ungrovlahiscoi , as counted in Slavic paperss. For an English reader,Wallachiais the widely recognized name given to the feudal state in histories ; replacingWallachiabythe Rumanian Statewould be a cultural catastrophe, since no 1 is familiar to this version of the name. In a Rumanian interlingual rendition ofWallachianevertheless, the phrase ? Ara Rom A ; acirc ; neasca should be introduced at all times, since this is the official name counted in Slavic paperss and histories. TranslatingWallachiaby Valahia , a coined hist orical term, is non incorrect, but the phrase ? Ara Rom A ; acirc ; neasca would be more appropriate. In add-on, there would be the slippery interlingual rendition ofTurkish soldiers = soldati turcithat appears as soldati otomani in the TT. The debate of this pick would be that the type text, i.e. historical essay, should under no fortunes be ignored. If mentioning toTurkish soldierspresents, the Rumanian interlingual rendition of the adjectivalTurkishwould decidedly be turci , but since a historical essay is in treatment, the transcriber must follow the manner and esteem the norms of history authorship. Merely by look intoing the nomenclature used in history books for case, one would detect the presence of otomani as adjectival or nominal signifier forTurkish/Turks. Another observation regards the phraselocallandowners ( boyars ), translated by one word boier , the singular forboyars.A native Rumanian with common history cognition would easy calculate out the ground for this pick in the Terrestrial time: the fact that back in feudal times there were no other landholders in t he state but the boyars ( and the voivode ) is really good known among the Rumanian people ; consequently, interpretinglandholdersby proprietari de pam A ; acirc ; nt and so adding in brackets the interlingual rendition ofboyars boieri would hold been pointless. Alternatively, merely the wordboyarswas translated for a natural, even simplistic consequence in the TT. As mentioned above, the remarkable signifier of the nounboyarsappears in the TT ; the ground for this pick is imposed by grammar norms, since the sentence was reinterpreted and given a general tone, like in No affair who,Transylvanianbargainer,Turkishsoldier orlocalboyar, was to be punished if found guilty of such a offense and so the understanding between a remarkable topic and its predicate needed to be decently identified. In the same paragraph, the phraseenforcing honestness and difficult work as virtuousnesss to be hadis translated by utilizing a displacement order of the wordshonestnessandworkin order to avoid the blare munca ca ; hence, the interlingual rendition would be impune munca? I cinstea ca virtuti . The interlingual rendition of the 5th transition may be regarded as debatable because of the wrong information provided by Prahoveanu with respect to the focalised historical eventthe retaliation of his male parent and brother s killing right on Easter Day when he proceeded to transfix the full aged population of T A ; acirc ; rgovi? Te while saving the younger 1s merely to reprobate them to hard labor to raise the Poienari bastion.The manner it appears, this text contains one incompatibility between the message conveyed in the ST and historyhe proceeded to transfix the full aged population of T A ; acirc ; rgovi? Te; Vlad the Impaler did non transfix the full aged population of T A ; acirc ; rgovi? Te, but the senior boyars involved in the deceases of his male parent and brother. The TT clarifies this facet for the reader O alta fapta plina de cruzime ( ) este razbunarea pentru uciderea tatalui? i a fratelui sau chiar? n ziua de Pa? Ti, degree Celsius A ; acirc ; nd ordona tra gerea A ; icirc ; n? eapa a tuturor boierilor V A ; acirc ; rstnici blare T A ; acirc ; rgovi? Te. Another specialness in the ST is the abbreviationHormone replacement therapy, which stands for Hormone Replacement Therapy, besides known as theFountain of Youth.The interlingual rendition of this abbreviation is THS ( Terapia de Substitu? Internet Explorer Hormonala ) . Unlike the ST which usesHormone replacement therapymerely, without supplying accounts of its significance, the TT refers to both the abbreviation and the complete interlingual rendition in brackets, out of two grounds: foremost, this medical pattern is non as common in Romania as it is in the western states and secondly the supplimentary account topographic points accent on the auctorial irony and sarcasm towards Countess Elisabeth BathorySince HRT was some five centuries off, the Countess ( ) was reputedly to bathe in maiden s blood in order that she could continue her vernal expressions„Cum THS ( Terapia de Substitu? Internet Explorer Hormonala ) avea sa apara peste nu mai plutonium? in de cinci sute de an i, Contesa aplica propria sa terapie de A ; icirc ; nfrumuse? are ( ) A ; icirc ; mbaierea A ; icirc ; n s amp ; acirc ; nge de fecioara, tratament menit SA A ; icirc ; i ofere tinere? ea ve? nica. The following TT paragraph outlines another domestication grade: the usage of Roman figures for denoting centuries ; therefore, the phraseSeventeenth centurywill be translated by secolul Seventeen and non by secolul? aptesprezece ; even though the latter attack is besides right, the former is preferred in the context of historical texts. This transition dares the transcriber s accomplishments with the presence of an old English lookBar for the malodor, which may be attributed the much recent equivalentIn malice of the odor Trec A ; acirc ; ndpeste mirosul de cadavru? n putrefactie , mentioning to the malodor of exhumed organic structures. Since adverting the footings historical , history or historic so often, an inexplicit tense pick should be desirably used in Prahoveanu s essay interlingual rendition: the historical nowadays tense, which harmonizing toliterary critics and syntacticians has the consequence of doing past events more vivid ( Encarta.msn.com ) . Furthermore, omission is necessary in illustrations such asKing Matias Corvin, translated merely by Matei Corvin , since the Rumanian readership is cognizant of this character s political position and an enlargement such as regele Ungariei Matei Corvin , would hold been adrift. Another facet which needs to be taken into history is the appellative used by the writer to mention to Vlad the Impaler: Prahoveanu calls himKing, which is non peculiarly right since He was a voivode ; hence, the interlingual rendition ofKingwill ever be voievod or domnitor . Particular attention should be taken to the registry used in the TT. Since this is a historical essay, specific footings are to happen in the interlingual rendition, as to make a kind of feudal ambiance. In conformity, one should neer interpretoffendersorviolatorsby infractori in the present context, since this is a modern-day lexeme ; alternatively, nelegiuiti or raufacatori would be the right picks. Other illustrations in this sense would belarceny and sloth, translated by punga? Iowa? I tr amp ; acirc ; ndavia , and non interpreted as hotia? one lenea . All these considered, one may province that the provided interlingual rendition isthe closest natural equivalent to the source-language message( Nida qtd. in Venuti, 2004:163 ) , where equivalent points toward the beginning linguistic communication message, natural points toward the receptor linguistic communication and closest binds the two orientations together on the footing of the higher grade of estimate.( Venuti, 2004:163 ) ( Venuti, 2004:163 ) Furthermore, the TT isa reproduction of the original( ) ( G.A. Black, 1936:50 qtd. in Venuti, 2004:163 ) , a interlingual renditionthat bears no obvious hint of foreign beginning( Venuti, 2004:163 ) , a text in whichthe linguistic communication if interlingual rendition ought, we think, be a pure, intangible and unseeable component, the medium of idea and feeling and nil more ; it ought neer to pull attending to itself( J.H. Frere, 1820:481 qtd. in Venuti, 2004:163 ) . As farther demonstrated, the TT places great accent on the writer s irony and sarcasm in response to Stoker s cowardly attack to authorship, sinceit is indispensable that a interlingual rendition incorporate certain positive elements of manner which provide the proper emotional tone for the discourse. This emotional tone must accurately reflect the point of position of the writer( Venuti, 2004:165 ) . The elements Venuti alludes to are irony, irony and capricious, all of which have been carefully preserved within the TT. Furthermore, the technique of replacing, non interpreting, quotation marks by their Rumanian original equivalents has a major impact on the TT, since it transfers the alive characters in the ST, together with their concise representations, within the kingdom of interlingual rendition. Here, every bit good as in the ST, those characters arepermitted to hold the same sort of individualism and personality as the writer himself gave them in the original message.( Venuti, 2004:166 ) . As farther mentioned by the same writer,persons must be decently characterized by the appropriate choice and agreement of words, so that such characteristics as societal category or geographical idiom will be instantly apparent. In add-on, great attending is paid to the registry in the ST ; since the nature of the text is historical, it imposes particular attention to the usage of linguistic communication ( slangs ) , that the interlingual rendition has managed to continue, as demonstrated in the analysis. At the same clip, although there is greater importance given to the writer s place within the ST, the historical class of events should non be less considerate. If this had happened in the TT, so the transparence of the interlingual rendition would hold been interrupted and a untrue information sent to the readership ( with respect to the impalement of the full aged population in T A ; acirc ; rgovi? Te ) . The success of text domestication is mirrored in TT natural texture, indistinguishable to that of texts originally written in Romanian and characterized by eloquence, consistence, coherency and coherence. As demonstrated, all our intents have been achieved.

When Human Diet Costs too Much Biodiversity as the Ultimate Answer to the Global Problems

When Human Diet Costs too Much Biodiversity as the Ultimate Answer to the Global Problems Introduction. Eat, Pray, Leave: A Consumerist Approach to Nature There is no denial that people have been taking nature for granted for too long. Because of the unreasonable use of the natural resources, environmental pollution and inadequate protection (WWF, n. d.), people have led a number of species to extinction; moreover, due to the increasing rates of consumerist approach towards the food which nature provides for people, the number of species has started decreasing even more rapidly. Therefore, people have either to reconsider their diet, or to watch most of the animals and plants disappearing fast.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on When Human Diet Costs too Much: Biodiversity as the Ultimate Answer to the Global Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Problem, Unveiled: The Self-Centered Humankind Despite the obvious progress, people cannot control the natural processes. Therefore, it is extremely dangero us to intrude into the latter. Once having started to use natural resources, people will never be able to stop. Because of careless attitude towards the small amount of natural resources and huge rates of consummation, some species are already extinct, and some have become highly endangered. The issue concerns not only plants, but also animals and fish (Landais, 2007, January 26). Eating whatever they want, people have been disregarding the fact that natural resources are exhaustible. According to O’Sullivan, the recent event in Italy revealed the rates of people’s negligence towards nature: â€Å"The countrys foreign minister, Franco Frattini, commented that the banquet was distasteful at a time when Italys bears are ‘almost extinct and we are trying with great effort to bring them back to the mountains that have hosted them for centuries’† (O’Sullivan, n. d.). Because of high rates of fish consummation, a number of fish has become endangere d. Yet these species are still consumed. Moreover, to produce enough veal and beef, people have to use the nature’s forest resources as pastures. The above-mentioned leads to forest destruction. Finally, the lack of balance between the consumed food and the feedback to the nature leads to a natural crisis. The latter can finally drive to a planet-scale catastrophe. Evaluating the Consequences: The Game Is not Worth the Candles Before proceeding with the solutions, people have to ask themselves a question, â€Å"How did this happen?† To understand why the consumerist attitudes have taken such a drastic scale, one must consider the way people treat natural resources. The example above shows that people have a great problem in their relationships with nature. The problem is that the humankind has been taking nature for granted.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Probable Solutions: Helping Rare and Endangered Species As it has been mentioned above, the consequences of a thoughtless use of natural resources will be drastic. Even now, one can track some of the outcomes of people’s eating habits. For example, the following species have disappeared completely over the past few decades: However, there is no time to panic. Even at the given stage, there is a way out. To start with, people should practice sustainability approach. Using natural resources only when necessary, people will be able to right the wrongs. In addition, it will be needed to contribute to nature as opposed to constant consummation. Spreading awareness, one can enhance the process: â€Å"More than one million people have now watched  The End of the Line, a groundbreaking expose of the consequences of overfishing, according to an evaluation of the films impact† (Levitt Thomas, 2011, February 18). Speaking of the endangered species, people should reconsider their ration, indeed, to save the former. There are several ways to do so. Vegetarianism is the most radical approach. However, it will not suit anyone. Another method to solve the problem is the approach of biodiversity. Guided by the principle of giving back to the environment as much as people take away from it, sustainability approach presupposes that biodiversity should be encouraged with the help of developing a reasonable diet for people. Providing enough elements which are vital for people does not mean that the endangered species should be used as food or resources for fur and leather products. While providing people with the necessary vitamins and minerals, one can still take care of the endangered species. The latter can be substituted by the species which are quite numerous. Giving the endangered species a couple of centuries to repopulate, one will be able to make the natural resources plentiful again. Conclusion: There Is Still Some Hope Left. Biodiversity and Sustaina ble Environmental Policies As it has been mentioned previously, there is a way out of this complicated situation. People need to understand that their self-centeredness is self-defeating. Moreover, the focus on the consumerist approach will finally kill not only people, but also the remaining species. Therefore, the way people eat must be reconsidered once and for all. It is unreasonable to make all people survive on bread and water. However, at present, the world is in another extreme. Eating everything what they please, people destroy the delicate balance of nature. Therefore, not only what we eat, but also how we eat must be changed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on When Human Diet Costs too Much: Biodiversity as the Ultimate Answer to the Global Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Landais, E. (2007, January 26). 40% of food ‘is genetically modified.’ Web. Levitt, T. Thomas, A. ( 2011, February 18). The End of the Line: How a film changed the way we eat fish. The Guardian. Web. O’Sullivan, F. (n. d.). Threatened species on the menu worldwide. Web. WWF (n. d.). Threats to oceans and coasts. Web.