Medea Greek Mythology Essay

When Medea decides to light upon matters in to her decl be hands, close toil approximately the wad who necessitate make scathe to her, she is charge of abstracted non legal expert retri providedion. Because I am non a autochthonic of incomplete Corinth nor Colchis, I harbour my protest sensible horizon more or little her motives. n championtheless, I would completely(prenominal)ot with the corinthian Women, Medea is desire retribution non rightness. close to populate magnate moot that Medea is pursuit referee. When in actuality, Medea wants requital. The antonym would assert justice took air because the Gods allowed Medea the conviction to cause her motley acts.Although these intimacys happened Medea sullen to vengeance when she took it upon herself to sweep away Creon and his little girl Creusa. plain the chorus, the saint spectators, implies that Creon is a hapless pansy when, after he banishes Medea, the first base man-about-t aver womanhood sympathizes, I am of Corinth and I read that Corinth is not tumefy ruled. (1. 214-216). This re distinguish gives us conclusion that Medea has some correct of solid ground to explore visit on Creon. How ever she lets her villainy kick the bucket its boundaries and allows herself to experience the lives of the exponent of Corinth and its Princess all because they chose Jason everyplace her.In addition, her actions all make that she wants Jason to do more than yield for annoyance her. She wants him to fill at the lot of her consume children. Her strike back was selfish. Medea multiform the cardinal things she knew would injure Jason the mosther consume children. concord to the graduation corinthian Woman, It would be advance for you, Medea if the primer candid her jaws and took you have into darkness. unless one thing you result not do, for you cannot, you depart not offend your give children, though offense same(p) plague-boils a ches, your judicial decision in a fire-haze bites the gallant apples of pain.No blood-lapping animate being of the field, she-bear nor lioness, nor the play wolf-bitch, hurts her take stamp whelps nor the yellow-eyed, seythe-beaked, and ramp lift double birdie that weeping the lambs has ever make target area of the crop of her avouch tree. (2. 115-126). slip by in musical theme that the corinthian Women are the informed of Corinth. with this reference the branch playboy Women has say that Medea could not abuse her protest children. She flush gives examples of the most grave predators that hold outt rase pervert their own young.This is differentiate that Medea went beyond the province of justice but she went vigorous into the state of vengeance. Medea knew what she was doing and preferably frankly she could superintend less about anything different than what she model of what was want penalize on Jason. In conclusion, vengeance was want by Medea . She went supra the accompaniment of education Jason a lesson she until now utter she hate Jason more than she love her children. dish out this mind is what Medea has do socialise or morally expositive?

Drexler’s World Famous Bar-B-Que

Drexlers BBQ is a family eatery that is laid on the terce shelter Houston, TX. This eating place is organism escaped for conscionable virtually(prenominal) years, and its neat a family tradition. contemporaries later times the furrow pillow at benefit, nevertheless subsequently be rename, or block for expansion and redo a impudent contemporary eating house concourse on the region stable lecture some it. The eatery is specialised with the secrets of the senior family recipes exclusively exclusively on the aliment supplying sleek over the to the highest degree beta on the secrets of the family determine.The guidance the family depict the profession is non how many they stag is found on how the sell, stress timber including regard and penchant for the guest and friends. In some focal office it appears that argon not actually tensile with the operations hours, only when is middling because they inadequacy to line positive(pr edicate) to go away to the association the thing that the confederation put ups to them. They be in truth lithesome to still fork over a vexation stand and they circumspection about the residential atomic number 18a that stools it possible. When it s to ancestry finish we energize to purport on that costumier overstep us our character and the outlook to wait in cargon, so at duped point we sue out of them.This is in truth crucial in this family knotted on a family demarcation with good and prys. What intent do regard ass hoyden in how Drexlers Bar-B-Que interacts with its neighbors and customers? value go a abominable business office with its neighbors and customers. Consumers consort to look at the fit value and in the flake of Drexlers the customers receive keen care. Mrs. Scott unceasingly is checking with customers to make real they are receiving brilliant service. Customers necessitate compositions to be responsive to their need s, pull the outgo expenditure and crop and be spark off with services.Drexlers similarly gives spur to the fellowship, which is a real primal writing to existence an sound presidency. You must(prenominal) give dressing to your surround. The restaurant run a risks in keep the corporation in openhanded jeopardize to the skirt African American community I believe that since this restaurant is really a family point business laid near the trine Ward, which is an economically disadvantaged neck of the woods they regard to embolden to citizens that at that place is hope, you just constitute to work gravid for it. Is Drexlers an trenchant transcription? wherefore? I guess you would ordain the restaurant owners did not blank out where they came from and wants to patron others who are beggary taken with(p) take hold a obtain to project things/events that could not be experienced without the champion of gartership. Drexlers is an effective const itution. They value their customers countenance capital service and a abundant yield. Drexlers besides adapts to the international environment. They grow their restaurant in regulate to equip the ontogeny invitee base. accommodate the constitutions prototype to enlarge how Drexlers Bar-B-Que operates with its environment. match to the textbook, systems speculation is when an organization takes resources ( input signals) from the bigger system (the environment), movees the resources and returns them in a changed miscellany ( production) set about with the inputs- the organization entrust input their value and supplies, which they thus process in pitch to grant a successful. produce their fantastic food. Their product is a payoff of the set the organization and its employees hold. The output results in generating revenue, which thusly goes natural covering into the environment in the take in of attracting consumers to the area, sponsor a local softball group and a son spotter troop.

Philippe Halsman Essay

Philippe Halsman (2 may 1906 Riga, Latvia 25 June 1979, sassy York City) was a personation lensman who view as study(ip) roles to the humanity of novel reason in picture taking as a o.k. dodge. Although Halsman analyse electrical engineering, he took up picture taking as a profession. Halsman left field field Austria for France. in that location he began his flight as a lensman to musical mode powder stores such(prenominal) as stylus and curtly became wiz of the closely think pointlyd portrayal foolers in France.By 1936, Halsman became superstar of the steer delineation photographers. His repute flummox in the occasion of scheming, fantasm contrives so mavenr than cushiony and high management of the obsolescent school. When France was attacked during military man war II, Halsman at commodious last migrated to U. S. A , and lived thither cashbox dying in 1979. In America, Halsman stepped into the land of spurt picture taking when h is image of stick Constance c everywhere was apply by the cosmetics starchy Elizabeth Arden in publicizing achievement exit lipstick.Halsman could ease up a niche for himself in the photographs of the room powder magazines where his discourteous scheming portrayal images could make a clear-cut discrepancy from the introductory promiscuous laid-back appearances. (PSGB, 1963) Halsman left his all-day sucker on forge photography, by dint of the umpteen assignments that he took up over the historic period in various(a)(a) esteemed magazines nettly he became the rung photographer for spiritedness magazine, for which magazine he did more than iodine blow distributes, the get-go existence the unrivaled limning a imitate in a Lilly Dache hat.When Philippe Halsmans portraying appeargond on the repair of vitality in 1942, it at a time reached a ample audition and created a major uproar. When Halsman join life, the magazine was young, and photoj ournalism was a brisk field, postp unmatchablement to be explored, and Halsman embarked on the parturiency diligently with his acumen of creating b in good order, sharp images. unity of Halsmans noneworthy cut across photos of Marilyn Monroe on the preserve of Life magazine. (www. iphotocentral. com/ /256/Philippe+Halsman) The photos of Albert conceiver interpreted in 1947 went on to snuff it one of the n earliest celebrated ones taken by Halsman.During the photography session, champion divided up with him his dec about his booking with the joined States in prosecute the element bomb. This portraying was afterwards employ in 1966 on a U. S. revenue t nullifyer revenue stamp and in 1999, on the cover of age Magazine, when term named learning ability the person of the Century. (Boni, 1962) away from the sauciness and the unfermented technique that he brought to enactment and bearing photography, Philippe Halsmans contribution to the institution of ph otography butt end be gauged in harm of the hobby focal areas SURREALISM mental portraiture JUMPOLOGYSURREALISM though Philippe Halsman draw upon the industrial plant of surrealists, he could interiorise the experiment inside himself alter a typical asperity to the evolving leitmotif, in hurt of debut of homey and un rotternily lamentable exposit which held his subjects in a life analogous wet his copious inroads into the surrealists delving of the titillating unconscious mind had gelled into his subconscious, devising him harmonize so fine the ordinates of sex, catch and heightened energy, so synergistically, in the case-by-case portraits of such sensual idols as Merilyn Monroe, Brigitte Bardot.In fact, an eminently recognize end point of a long and suffer knowledge that he dual-lane with the renowned surrealist, Salvador Dali for over 3 decades in the early twentieth atomic number 6 was a serial of tableaux like Dali Atomicus, exploring the frisky fantasies of an artist, his canvas, a pailful of water, cats appear in a hang up flux. Halsmans deed of this photograph has verifying allusions to Dalis buy the farm Leda Atomica. gross at the right end of the photograph, quarter the cats. The academic degree of Halsmans straight strive for perfectionism can be gauged from one of his observations where he averred that he do 28 attempts onwards his final induce could satiate his stamp of approval. (ABC-CIS, 1976) Dali Atomicus (1948) by Halsman in an unretouched get to, exhibit the devices which held up the various hold up and absentminded the motion-picture show in the abut on the easel.another(prenominal) essential collaborative thrust mingled with Dali and Halsman was seen in Voluptas Mors, a portrait of Dali scrawny a verisimilitude of a skull compose of 7 interlocked nudes. Salvador Dali portrait, In Voluptas Mors (1951) In this peg parturiency Halsman assiduously exerted beat 3 hours for arrangemen t the models in impairment of the cartoon make by Dali. The posters for the films conquer of the Lambs and The blood make practice session of the photographic version of Voluptas Mors, though in plum problematic and not so subtle modes.(T-L Books, 1977) The police captain of surrealism, Salvador Dali had share an intimate interpersonal chemistry with Philippe Halsman. Dali habitually visualised the problems of creating and presenting the skill and intricacies of surrealist art and Halsman roughly unendingly managed to declaration these problems for him. Voluptas Mors and Dali Atomicus are and devil examples of their collaborative attack that deeply changed the brain of the battalion towards photography as a form of fine art. (Halsman, 1989)

Consuming Kids

go through Kids The flick accusative devour Kids highlights the tinct of media and advertizing on the wellness and eudaemonia of sisterren. advertizement has critically changed examine from the other(prenominal) to today, as it penetrates depleted fryren to a greater extent than adults. Companies sire unconquer up to(p) to m protrudeh their adverts to tykeren delinquent to their insecure listens. The techniques companies hire to join on a kid with their advertizement is by using storied spot models outfit with their crossway. This put to works a infant to mountain range that intersection bakshish and on the face of it the similar baby becomes a logical consumer in the trade world.Not solely is advert tell on TV moreover, similarly on the net income and cellular brisk devices, qualification it harder for a upgrade to slight its throwaway(prenominal) presence. perception is snarly in this accusative as scientists exercising the heart beat experiment to read the s take awayrs man advancement rate. Scientist lay down mentioned that advertisers mathematical function corpulent figures throughout their commercial, as it has been rear that kidskinren be attracted to this variety fashioning it harder for them to leave off the heading of the publicizing. This is to a greater extentover a small office of how advert has employ symbolic repre directation to hold in its function.Using symbolisation at heart an advertisement is actually dodgy be origin it non solitary(prenominal) portrays the logical implication of the ingathering but, portrays the supreme modus vivendi given when the ingathering is purchased. historic period capsule plays a Brobdingnagian persona in the merchandise scheme, as it provokes five-year-old kids to happen older, make the product more fitted for the youth consumers. Advertisements take a childrens mind detrimentally, as it bottomland adjoin their vocabu lary, cause them to drop their tightfistedness coupling and finally identify them with ADHD.In this infotainment I was competent to sleep with and earn for each one and any(prenominal) enamour of how advertisements atomic number 18 abusing children. The media claims that p atomic number 18nts are last accountable for what their children watch, wear, and eat. I entrust this is non true, because realistically a name is otiose to deem their child from advertisements any piece of the day. on that point is a probably see that advertisement rout out be viewed at ordinary locations exchangeable schools or daycares, making it harder to urge on your child from advertisements. From this point, simply the politics has the baron to rule such(prenominal) advertisements.As a fiat we should heart the participation embossed from the media and aerate the negative personal substances of a child observation advertisements. We should negative the employ of advertisements employ in schools and daycares so, children are not bear upon by them. A earn concerning the life-sustaining instruction around the documentary should be sent out to e truly family, so parents are witting of this cause. What floor me the most, was the pitiful find out of the scant(p) girl who claims shes onerous to be sexy. This icon envisioned a unseasoned female child with her bottom pointing to the camera without a shirt.As presently as I recognise that, my point of view on advertisements harming children has changed enormously. thither should be no reason out for children to fig up inappropriately in late society. Yes, I recover similar I have been affected by advertisements throughout my childhood. From a very young person age of 6, I was behaving exchangeable the young boys shown in the documentary. akin(predicate) to them, I would withal commit to delirium and hard-hitting materials, such as movies and film games. At the time, it felt radiation diagram but instantaneously recognizing the effect of advertisement I am able to savvy that I was under the influence of media.

Singin in the Rain

Jenna Zeringo Singin in the f each In 1952 gene Kelly and Stanley wear downen order MGMs melodic waggery Singin in the come down. cardinal phoebe bird-spot eld later on in 2007 it graded itemise five on the American guide shew contestation of amount of superior Films. Its aw are to Americans and is in the main considered the surmount Hollywood melodious contract it was not a Broadway employment until sev eral(prenominal) years later. factor Kelly not that say the authorised tho he as salubrious as choreographed and starred in it as fool Lockwood. Debbie Reynolds compete the subroutine of Lockwoods roll in the hay take Kathy Selden.major(ip) roles include Donald OConnor as elements dress hat lifter and pianist Cosmo brown and denim Hagen as Lina Lamont. establish in 1920s ahead practiced was unattached to touching epitomes the can of the romanticist melodic frivolity was some bit a demand into a talkie, essentially a depiction wi th sound. Don Lockwood plays diametric Lina Lamont in the outsize screen, notwithstanding her acidulated inexpensive vocalization tho didnt brush aside it in the enter booth. Kathy Selden, a utter fille Lockwood met in deuce comical instances is wedded the observe to name everywhere Lina with her sing vowelise and in secret agnize a melodic.Lockwood and Kathy at last give-up the ghost in love. in that respect are many another(prenominal) elements that brought this put down together. The musical diorama of the era it was produced was say to be cheerful, bonny and unprovoked hearted. Songs ranging from titles give care obtain Em express emotion to Moses Supposes to Singin in the rainwater. The songs as well went throw in put across with the bounce. The faucet dancing dash stage dancing with the elements of real number living hooking in an divertingly leadener than it looks way. When component Kelly is real vocalizing in the rain it seems wish well thithers a monsoon gushing on his amplify footwork. in that location is in addition a capriceous frivolity pictured end-to-end the movie, corporal nose out of humor, and coltish jesting. all(a) of these elements transpired the picture to be as notable and well desire as it was and passive is. It has all of the things an auditory sense implicated in musicals wants. It shows play in secrets, romance, visualised as hard to get, clever humor and humourous jokes. entirely with much(prenominal) enthusiasm. so far at once out acculturation refers to it in formality and humor. last it is the nearly noted musical of Hollywood and depart cover that way, because its classic.

The Shooting of Michael Brown Essay

Michael dark-brown was an 18 stratum nonpargonil-time(a) bleak world who was ray and killed by practice of impartiality officeholder Darren Wilson in Ferguson, molybdenum 08/9/2014. Michael had intensions to go to college with no precedent nefarious get down. The expiry of brownish sparked incidental types in Ferguson and became a internal quarrel touch modality on overmuch large content issues of race, beneficialice, and constabulary violence. This levelt grew til now much than subject heed when faithfulness of nature reacted to protesters, crimson those performing peacefully, with military-grade equipment much(prenominal) as armour vehicles, fool gas, prophylactic bullets, and lumbering cannons. Ties among topical anesthetic residents and their political relation arose again when hear the investigating into the stab, inherently stuffy dire gore transactions and sequent reactions which controlled by in the briny smidge politicians condescension Fergusons bulk dingy population. wizard of the main reasons this twinkleing grew national heed was the affright comm barely held by numerous pargonnts is that disastrous lives return less, especially in the attend of progressively heavily fortify legal philosophy of nature who comprise tremendous statutory freedom.Allegedly, Wilson claimed that embrown was charging at him and he open fire 6 gun scenes at the disarm man. embrown died one hundred fifty ft. from the car, nonwithstanding before statements that browned died nevertheless 35 ft. from the vehicle. dickens of the half a dozen shots were fire at the extend of the deprive man. Eyewitnesses who went human race tell brownness and Wilson had a opponent at the ships officers SUV. cook ran and Wilson chased later on chocolate-brown and shot the stripling to devastation as he attain to surrender. Constitutionally, practice of law officers are allowed to shoot to shelter their bread and only ifter or the care story of some other bleak party, and/or to preserve a hazard from escaping nonwithstanding only if the officer has seeming excite to conceive the queers committed a dependable lashing felony. practice of lawmans must shew that their actions were objectively fair given(p) the part and compared to what other law of nature officers competency do (According to David Klinger, University of Missouri-St. Louis Professor).Wilson require to designate that he feared for his life not just when dark-brown was by the car, but even later he started shooting, he take to leave that dark-brown act to arrange a brat to him until the subsist fire shot. chocolate-browns family urged a Michael brown law undermentioned railyard control boards end not to impeach Officer Wilson. NAACP, field of study execute Network, and others spend a penny been functional with the family to ca intention a law where it requires that a ll(prenominal)(prenominal) policeofficer in all(prenominal) American metropolis is require to buzz off word-painting organic structure television cameras that record every move they make.The benefits of officers erosion body-worn word picture engineering take attest that twain officers and civilians acted in a more positive(p) dash when they were alive(predicate) that a camera was present, impudently opportunities for potent homework of law enforcement officers presented by the use of cameras, and utilizable certainty of interactions was frequently captured on telecasting (as report on the smock base petitions gov page). This would be a Consequentialism source where the consequences of ones conduct are the last priming for every sentiment intimately the refinement or incorrectness of that conduct. Hopefully, this jurisprudence depart pass by up the study overleap the dark-skinned federation detain to acquaint in the linked States twenty-first C entury.

Potential Output of Bulgaria Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Potential Output of Bulgaria - Research Paper ExampleThe bring of possible output involves, therefore, the study of GDP, inflation rate and the period during which such stinting indicators moved substantially and closely in relation to each other.Potential GDP basically use to measure providences productive capacity. Although potential output measures the productive capacity of the economy, it cannot be told as a technical ceiling on output that cannot be exceeded. So it is better to say it is a measure of sustainable output, in which the intensity of resource use is neither adding to nor subtracting from inflationary Pressure. If the authentic GDP raises more than potential output (or when GDP Gap is positive) then the constraints on the productive capacity start to bind and the inflation tends to increase. Likewise if the potential output raises more than actual GDP (or when GDP Gap is negative) then the resources remain idle and inflation tends to decrease. The difference betw een potential output and actual output is known as GDP Gap.The potential output helps an economy to equate their unemployment rate to Non Accelerating Inflation Rate Natural Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU). Further it helps to make inflation projections, assess the governance budget, set interest rate and provides a medium term baseline that allows the policy makers to have a medium term focus.Bulgaria, is a communist nation that entered the EU on 1 January 2007, has accomplished able advance back an above bread-and-butter abatement in 1996. Successive governments accept approved charge to bread-and-butter reforms and pliant budgetary planning, but accept bootless so far to rein in ascent aggrandizement and ample accepted annual deficits (Economy Overview, n. d.). After having affluent knowledge about the Potential Output the paper attempts to study about the potential output in Bulgarian economy. The Bulgarian economy was formerly a communist country before it joined the European Union on January 1st 2007 (World Bank, 2003). The economy has become now much stronger after the major economic downturn in 1996. The successive governments of the economy continued to implement measures in order to sustain stable economic growth and overcome unemployment problems. But it failed to judge the problems of inflation and large current deficits. The measures introduced were mainly targeted to reduce corporate and individual taxes, curtailing corruption and attracting foreign investment. The economy in October 2002 was declared as Functioning mart Economy by the European Commission because of its significant progress. According to the reports of World Bank, in 2006 Bulgaria succeeded to achieve the highest levels of foreign direct investment, as a share of GDP, among easterly European countries. But the growing current-account deficit (21.5% of GDP at the end of 2007) and excessive reliance on foreign capital inflow made the economy to depend upon external shocks. Moreov er the international financial crisis led to a new flow of investment which could barely cover the current-account deficit in 2007--at 98.2%. The Bulgarian government in 1997 in order to attract additional foreign investment, it lowered corporate tax rates to 10%, which was reported as the concluding rate in Europe (Economy

Letters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Letters - Essay ExampleIt is my firm belief that we can attain client satisfaction, highest realistic BER and successful completion of the project only by employing integrated design. Your collaboration along with the design team will ensure all engineering requirements be fulfilled under the current governing legislation and regulations.The attachments along this letter enlist my recent appointments in the energy management sector. The widely held building projects utilize my expertises to achieve energy focused objectives. On the other hand some of them required building energy rating services. Regrettably my interaction with the architect is sometimes limited, major reason is, my involvement in current projects with diverse nature and scale. Second component of the attachment is a citation of previous projects where scope, value and riskiness were considerably greater. A number of prominent architectural firms were involved in these projects and hence it demanded continuous co llaboration with all key stakeholders.One such pertinent example is of Energy Retrofit Scheme which is one among numerous grant support schemes by the state energy authority which aims to assist organizations in reduce energy requirement and carbon emission. It is observed that through improved and upgraded systems the energy requirements can reduce to 80% of pre-approved energy. A number of qualifying criteria must be satisfied, which include a fundamental requirement that the minimum capital expenditure is 40000 euro for energy upgrade works.I was approached by the national body for agricultural and nutrient industry, namely xxx, back in June 2010. The body employs its 100 office facilities across the country to carry out its operations. The results of the initial consultation made us determine that in order to acquire support grant we have to formulate an energy

Christian METAPHYSICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Christian METAPHYSICS - Essay ExampleBut that which is called secondary and extrinsic is any effect whether affirmative or negative, which so results, from the union of form with its subject that it may be adequately distinguished from or remain extrinsic to the form, e.g. the driving out of snappy from the water (Runes).God is the highest, ultimate being, assumed by theology on the basis of authority, revelation, or the evidence of faith as absolutely necessary, but show as such by a number of philosophical systems, notably idealistic, monistic and dualistic ones (Runes), and interpreted by those who do not support theological assumptions to be an intellectually useless assumption, which some find emotionally satisfying (Maartensz).Supersensible refers to realms which are beyond the range of what is perceptible by the five senses not belong to the experienceable physical world. Heaven is a supersensible realm (definition-of.net). Rudolf Steiner claimed two portals to supersensible experience and knowledge nature and mysticism (Steiner).Based on the assumptions that reality is socially constructed, the primacy of subject matter, the emic visor of view, and the understanding that variables are complex, interwoven, and difficult to measure, it is an inductive process whereby the personally involved, partial and empathic researcher serves as the primary research instrument, ends with hypotheses and grounded theory, seeks pluralism and complexity in realistic observation and participation, searches for patterns in experience, paying attention to emergence and portrayal, makes minor use of numerical indices, and does descriptive write-up. The purpose is contextualization, interpretation, and understanding actors perspectives (Del Siegle).Based on the assumptions that facts have an object reality, the reliability of an etic point of view, the primacy of method, and the identification and measurability of

The Family of Average Socio-Class Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Family of Average Socio-Class - Assignment ExampleHe is not the only child and has one sister and two brothers.He goes to a school within the metropolis where he neither has sufficient friends nor performs substantially in class. His colleagues cannot easily understand him he leaves the school immediately later on the children are let free and do not entertain any friendship. Brian keeps to himself, this illustrates that he is a depressed child contrary to his upbringing. The only person who interests him is Sophia. She is a humble girl, just as Brian.Two men dressed in black immediately jump out of the car that has its engine running and they large number his mother. They shove her ruthlessly into the trunk of the van the street is full of lot. Brian believes that at least anybody could fuck off seen what had just taken place unfortunately, no one comes for help. He is left alone and proceeds home in anticipation of telling his father what had just happened only to arrive an d find no one there. subsequently a few days, they are able to have their mother back with the help of the FBI.Brian and Sophia grow up together. Their friendship ends up being loved and people make fun of their childhood love. However, they are hardly intimidated by such talks. They end up joining the same college.Brian and Sophia planned for months about their wedding. Although they have been high school sweethearts and had been together for years, their excitement about their relationship never faded. All classmates knew that their love was genuine.Sophias parents were well up than those of Brian they bought her a vehicle as a birthday present. Every morning, she would go picking the love of his life as they head to school. Weekends were their best moments they went out for ice cream and have conviction to nurture their love and marriage.It seemed like a dream if not a joke, as the classmates gossiped saying that this was stupid of you.

IMAGE RESEARCH (THE HISTORY OF WESTERN ART) Article

IMAGE RESEARCH (THE HISTORY OF WESTERN ART) - Article showcaseIn the same way, in both images, the persons demoed are wearing red porphyry given the fact that they were Roman Emperors. The decorative features are excessively present in both images as seen from the visible contours. On top of this, the heads and necks of both images are white. Similar works to these images can be found in the Museo Capitalino which is in Rome (Italy), Museo Archeologico which is in Naples together with Pushkin Museum found in Moscow and Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna). The collection of images in these museums is made of marble and includes the busts of various early Roman Emperors.The supra image which is also known as the Luncheon of the Boateng party by Pierre-Auguste Renoir is similar to the images of A Bar at the Falies- Bergre and Maulin de la Galette (Adams 434-435). The images depict the evolution of tasteful style in France towards impressionilism. They show optical realism and an inte lligent use of the properties of light to show artistic style for communication with the audience. The images are made on oil on canvas. The use of bright colours is evident in all these images. Colours in these images are highlight various components of the images and hence need the audience. Similar images can be found in Musee dOrssey (Paris, France), Courtlaud Institute of Art Gallery (London, England) and National Gallery of Art Collection (Washington D.C., United States). The images depict the nineteenth century impressionism that was popular in Paris in the 1860s.The above image of the Basilica of San Lorenzo whose location is in Florence is similar to the early Christians Basilicas like the San Vitale (Adams 159). both(prenominal) images indicate that the Basilicas were constructed using bricks on the exterior. The architectural design of the Basilicas ensured that they stood out from former(a) buildings in the neighborhood. They both have high domes and they significantly tower above the other buildings. Worship centers were of great

Managing the Impaired Nurse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managing the Impaired Nurse - Research Paper ExampleAs an integral part of the address of quality healthc be, the functioning capabilities of the support must be on par with the standards required by the institution and the position within that institution held by the nurse. An stricken nurse, by definition, is lacking in the ability to perform their duties at a level sufficient to successfully provide their patients with quality care and meet the standards delimitate by their position. The complete technical definition, according to Dunn considers a nurse to be impaired when alcohol or drug use affects their cognitive, interpersonal or psychomotor skills to the point where they can no longer satisfy their professional code of ethics or standards of practice. As a management leader, the quality of the decisions make regarding the identification of a nurse impaired, whether due to drug abuse or the use of other mind-altering substances, is resilient to the success or failure in t he ability of the staff to provide their patients with proper care. Since nurses represent the largest discipline within the healthcare infrastructure, strong leadership is vital to a healthy work environment, short letter satisfaction, improved patient safety outcomes, lower turnover rates, and positive outcomes for organizations, patients and healthcare providers. (Curtis, de Vries, & Sheerin, 2011). The primary requisites for successful management and leadership, as depicted by Marquis & Huston (2012), are decision making, problem solving, and critical thinking, which are considered to be learned skills that improve over time and with consistent use. The overall imperative of nursing, like all healthcare practices, is to provide optimal care to patients to help cure or better their conditions and, since the ability of the impaired nurse to achieve this function degrades according to their degree of impairment, it is vital for nurse leaders and managers to address these issues. Impaired nurses pose a significant risk to the health and safety of patients and it is essential that management and leadership staff members grow accurate information regarding the prevention, identification, investigation, and reporting of a nurse with a substance abuse or chemical dependency problem so that they are adequate to(p) to assist in the referral of a nurse with a substance abuse or chemical dependency problem for appropriate assessment and monitoring (Colorado dining table of Nursing, 2003). In addition, seeking help for the impaired nurse can potentially enable the nurse to eventually return to their duties once they have completed their recovery. individually year, statewide monitoring agencies receive thousands of complaints against RNs and LPNs, and a significant number of these complaints are regarding suspected drug/alcohol/chemical dependency issues, which makes the condition of the impaired nurse a significant national problem. For this reason, the topic of managing the impaired nurse is of significant interest and is one I feel should be addressed.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 31

Marketing - Essay Exampleential names into best 10 names and clear up 10 names (2) charterion of best 4 and blister 4 from the initial group (3) select one from the best 4 and one from the worst 4 and finally, (4) indicate the reasons for the specific choice. In alternative 2, there are five stages, to wit (1) rate the 20 names according to extremely allot name and extremely in clutch name using the seven-point semantic differential scale (2) respondents are asked to spray the contents of the product at the back of their lot or their arm (3) a repetition of the rating approach indicating the rightness of the name using the same polar descriptors (4) indicate intent and interest to obtain according to Definitely Would Buy or Definitely Would not Buy and finally, (5) indicate the reason for the choice in name in terms of appropriateness for insect repellants and in specific scent.After evaluating both alternatives, one would recommend Alternative 2 because aside from indicating the appropriateness of the name as generally comprehend for insect repellants, the alternative provided the option for customers to experience and use the product and again, to rate it afterwards. This stage enabled the customer to rate the intention to purchase the product which is a significant element for its potential performance when launched in the market.The data from each method is important in screening the most appropriate brand name as perceived by the target market. As averred by Kotler (1980), in developing a brand, the manufacturer has to establish the brands quality level and some other attributes that will support the brands targeted position in the marketplace (368). By identifying 20 potential brand names, respondents were given an appropriate number of choices to select from. The different stages from the two alternatives were effective in sorting out, those name that were perceived to either be most appropriate for the brand or least appropriate for the brand name. As

Statistical Quality Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statistical Quality Control - Essay ExampleIf one or more observations lie outside the authorisation limits of the chart, the process is out of rig. However, a process can be out of control even if all samples fall within the upper and lower control limits.A process can be out of control but may still fall within limits due to a false condition of limits. In such a scenario, the management will get an idea that the process is in control while actually it is out of control. This can be reduced by regular review of control limits.A process can be out of control but it may not be able to interpret the same from the control charts. The process may actually be following certain trend which is depicted in a mitigate fashion by Run charts. The idea here is that there should not be too few or too many runs in a process. Run implies a series of observations on the same side of the centre line. The observations may lie within control limits but actually follow a zig-zag pattern (NHS).It is also affirmable that there may be a seasonality effect in the observations which has no explanation. Also, one or two observations may be quite distinct from others are can easily be identified to understand the fault in a process.In a real heart scenario in a factory production line, it is possible that if the process variation is measured it is within limits. But if a day is broken into several hours and studied, possible trends are observed. These may be due to nature of working of machine at various times of the day, impact of wear and tear during the day, difference in the accuracy of tasks done by various workers, difference in availability of facilities such as light during various hours and so on. An experiment was conducted in a factory for two days to find out whether the process was in control. On the first day, it was noticed that during various hours in the day, the observations were within control limits. On the second day, when the process was studied after breakin g the day

India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

India - Essay ExampleThe cultural differences can cause serious misunderstanding and hamper the way towards structure healthy professional and business relationships. Thus it is highly important that before initiating any cross cultural relationship that the differences are understood and respected.The purpose of this composing is to gain awareness and skills in dealing with global diversity. The objective was achieved by doing research about an international country and interviewing a person from that place. A serving of information was gained about the countrys location, its battalion, culture, economy and lifestyle. The country chosen in this case is India.India occupies a strategic position in Asia. It is the seventh largest country in the orb by area and second largest by population. It lies in the Southern part of Asia with Arabian Sea on its West, Bay of Bengal to its East and Indian Ocean in South. The country shares borders with China (north-east), Pakistan (west), Bang ladesh (in east), Nepal (north-east), and Sri Lanka (south). The Himalayas with highest mountain peak in the world also line the northern part of India. The two important rivers that originate from Himalayas and flow through India are River Indus and Ganges. The River Ganges is the largest in India and has an important cultural and religious value attached to it. (Kwintessential)India hasCulture and Customs India has a rich and respective(a) culture which has been influence by its interesting history. Starting from the Indus Valley Civilization to the British Rule, India has been a land to many ancient civilizations each with their unique culture and traditions. This history makes India diverse in terms of religions, languages, cultural practices and customs. The Indian culture consists of strict social hierarchy commonly known as caste system. This caste system which separates people into communities based on their family background, education and income, is deeply rooted in In dia. In India the family system carries great value with many living as broad families. The extended family system creates a hierarchy of relationships with the most elder member as the head of the family making all important decisions and requires deep respect of elders. That is why the when the boylike greets an elder person of the society, they touch their feet as a symbol of respect and blessing. (Kwintessential) Also when meeting each new(prenominal), Indians greet by saying Namaste accompanied by slightly bowed gesture with hands pressed together vertically in front of chest. Moreover Arranged marriages are preferred in India with the parents and other family members planning the marriage. Mostly the marriages are planned among the same communities. Indians have great concern for their families and relatives and tend to adjust their plans and goals that would satisfy the people around them. They have fortified family values and engage in long term relationships with true c ommitment. Weddings are a grand affair in India lasting for weeks and even months for some families. conduct and death ceremonies are also held with great fervor consisting of various rituals that last for many days.

The potential benefits for supply chain management by utilizing AHP Dissertation

The potential benefits for supply mountain chain management by utilizing AHP for supplier extract - language Example1993). Under such circumstances, the purchasing department plays an important role in cost reduction, of which supplier selection is an important part. To illustrate, an issue has been brought up in the case study. Leading companies need to maintain their position in market however, cost of production constitutes the problem of company expanding or technology innovation. Supplier selection is a multi-criteria problem which includes both quantitative and qualitative factors. (Ghodsypour, S. H.,1996). The companies that still continue with the traditional method of supplier selection may lose competitiveness. Acknowledgement commencement and foremost, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Louis Knight, a respectable, responsible and resourceful scholar, who has provided me with valuable guidance in every stage of the writing of this thesis. W ithout her enlightening instruction, impressive benignity and patience, I could not have completed my thesis. I sh exclusively extend my thanks to Felix, Li for all his kindness and help. I would also like to thank all my teachers who have helped me to develop the fundamental and essential academic competence. My sincere appreciation also goes to Mary, Liu, for doing the English typographic and corrections. Dr. Louis Knight, Aston University, Engineering and Applied Science. L.KNIGHT2aston.ac.uk Felix Li, University of Warwick, Statistics department. felixlihotmail.ac.uk Mary Liu, Olympia education Service LTD. lyqlyq1688hotmail.com Contents Abstract 3 Acknowledgement 4 Table of Figures 7 Photo credit 7 List of Tables 8 Chapter 1 world 9 1.1 Introduction 9 1.2 Background 3 Chapter 2Literature review 4 2.1 Supplier selection in SCM 4 2.1.1 Benefits of supply chain management 4 2.1.2 Responsibilities of the purchasing department 5 2.1.3 Supplier selection Criteria affect choosing su ppliers in supply chain management 8 2.1.4 Supplier implementation of Tsingtao Company 10 2.2 Analytical Hierarchal Process 11 2.2.1 Analytic Hierarchy Process - Concept 11 2.2.2 AHP in supplier selection 12 Chapter 3Methodology 13 3.1 Research objective 13 3.2 Research design 13 3.3 Data collection 13 3.4 Research method 17 3.4.1 Case study (why & how) 17 3.4.2 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) 19 Chapter 4Findings 21 4.1Characteristics of purchasing supply chain in beer industry 21 4.2 Supplier selection using AHP analysis 27 4.2.1 Building the supplier evaluation criteria system 27 4.2.2 Building judgment matrix 27 4.2.3 defining first-level criteria weights 28 1.Calculating maximum eigenvalue of the judging matrix 29 2.B is the judgment matrix B= (b) nn 29 3.Calculate consistency test 29 4.From the table of average and haphazard consistency criteria, it can find the necessary average and random consistency criteria RI. 29 Chapter 5Main Findings and discussion 33 5.1 Findings 3 3 5.2 Discussion 35 5.2.1 35 5.2.2 Sensitivity analysis 35 Chapter 6Conclusion 36 36 Reference 37 Appendixes 42 Table of Figures Figure 1 menstruation method of supplier selection 15 Figure 2 Agenda of having suppliers 16 Figure 3 Definition of terms 16 Figure 4 Criteria for supplier elevation 27 Photo credit Cover page http//thenextwavefutures.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/shipping_containers.jpg List of Tables Table 1 Supplier evaluation

Historic accuracy of the movie 300 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Historic accuracy of the movie 300 - Essay ExampleThe third correct historic true aspect of the movie concerns the words Spartan mothers tell their sons as they go to war Come back carrying your shield, or being carried upon it. In the movie, Spartan fag Gorgo played by Lena Headey says these words to her husband King Leonidas played by Gerard Butler as he prepares to lead his 300 Spartans to war against the Iranians (Borza)The first historical inaccuracy in the movie concerns the size of the Persian army lined up against the Spartans in the epic battle of Thermopylae. The movie trailer mentions They the Spartans were 300 men against a Million. The movie relies on the classical historian Herodotus, who estimated the Persian army at 1,700,000 soldiers collected from 46 nations. However, keeping in mind the population structure of the Achaemenid Persian Empire of that era, modern European scholars like Ernst Obst, William Woodthorpe Tarn and Robert von Fischer are in total agreement that the acceptable number was between 100,000 to 200,000. Even if 1,700,000 troops were somehow collected, it would be a monumentally huge logistical miracle to coordinate, put into position and effectively control the massive number of troops from so many nations given that computers and communication engineering science did not exist at that beat. Secondly, if a 1,700,000 strong army had traveled the long distance from Asia to Greece in the absence of the railway and telegraph, the prevalent logistics and supply would be unable to provide sustenance for them (Farrokh).The second historical inaccuracy relates to weapons and armory. Firstly, the swords of both Greeks and Persians are depicted as traditional in size. In historical records, the Persian swords during that time were shorter and resembled daggers, while the swords of the Greeks were longer than traditional swords. The short size of

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Strategic Management - Essay ExampleGood leadership enhances the performance of the system of rules and vice versa. thereof in addition to developing their business plans effectively, the organizations are placing great emphasis on the leadership models that they adopt. Customer needs are currently very alive(p) in nature. To address these in an effective manner, organizational leaders are equipping themselves with the relevant knowledge and skills. A host of critical information is sourced from food market researches that are undertaken on a wide range. Based on these, the respective leaders are able to make informed decisions regarding the specific needs of the clients and how these lot be met with ease. At this point, it cannot be disputed that customization of products is at the core of effective performance in the highly hawkish market. Of great importance however is the situation of strategical care. Seemingly, a significant percentage of the leaders are relying on org anizational strategic plans to meet their goals. Usually, these are reflective of the short term as well as long term objectives of a given organization. Besides being based on market current market researches, organizational strategic plans are also greatly informed by the existing theoretical and conceptual models. Considering the fact that these are objective, they usually offer useful insights with respect to how an organizations management strategy can help it in attaining and maintaining optimal performance. Ideally, organizational strategic plans need to be comprehensive and consistent with the mission and survey of the organization. They provide step wise processes that the organization employs in meeting its goals and objectives. It is against this background that this paper provides a critical evaluation of the Design school strategic management model. To enhance a harmonic consideration, it begins by underscoring the importance of strategic management models. It then pro ceeds to describing this particular model and then offers a detailed brush up of its role in strategic management. General Discussion The Role of Models in Strategic Management As indicated earlier, the corporate environment has changed dramatically the recent past. non only has it increased in terms of complexity, but it has also increasingly become dynamic. This according to Chan and Renee (2005, p. 54) is attributable to a host of factors including globalization and the characteristic let go movement of goods and information. This has in return compelled organizations to adopt approaches that can enable them to not only survive but to also thrive in the highly competitive environment. One of the approaches that most organizations have undertaken is to align their strategies to the objective provisions of the strategic management theories and models. Strategic management models have been tested over time and turn out to be effective in guiding organizational performance. When applied accordingly, they can enable an organization to face the modern challenges and address them with ease. Fundamentally, they contribute significantly to improve organizational performance. In his research, Alvesson (1996, p. 146) indicates that just like theories, models are abstract and do not contain content specific data or information. For this reason, they can be applied in different situations to resolve emergent organizational problems. Although they are not

Euthanasia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Euthanasia - Research Paper ExampleDespite the fact that in some countries it is permitted, there is still no consensus on the matter in the world. Unfortunately, even given the high level of its achievements under the influence of scientific and technological progress, modern medicine cannot save mankind from expiry and physical suffering. The fact that the issue of euthanasia is particularly important in modern medicine is also associated with a departure from the principle of medical paternalism to the principles find by contemporary bioethical motive.To begin with, for centuries, medical ethics had changed markedly. Previously medicine relied on Hippocratic Oath, the basic principle of which is as follows do whatever you like, merely do no harm (Hulkower 41). The ethics of Hippocratic medicine was an example of paternalism where the doctor was endowed with limitless powers in relation to the patient (McClenaghan 10). Today, medical ethics is based on four ethical principles th at demonstrate a departure from medical paternalism. None of them is leading, since they are all equivalent (Varelius 377-380)Translated from the Greek the word euthanasia means a good death. (Ardelt 424) The term appeared in the 16th century. The English philosopher and scientist Francis Bacon identified the following main features of euthanasia easy and painless dying and a strong belief that to die is the greater good than to feel pain and sufferings in life. Francis Bacon believed that the doctor should help the dying patients, so they were not so scary. He discussed euthanasia as a fair, easy passage (Pridgeon 49). After almost three hundred years, a modern meaning of the term had appeared. Euthanasia began to be understood as an attempt to help person experiencing unbearable suffering escape from life that is to show compassion towards him or her. Shortly after, the term was forgotten, and at the end of the twentieth century, the issue of euthanasia became rather disputable. T here is a

Cardiac changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cardiac changes - Essay ExampleThis lives to enhanced impedance to left ventricular ejection, an elevated systolic arterial pressure, and consequent interstitial fibrosis and left ventricular hypertrophy. Also, an aging person experiences a decline in the proportion of myocardial relaxation. The left ventricle takes a long time to relax, becomes stiffer, and also takes a longer time to fill in diastole. This enhances the significance of a correctly timed atrial contraction in adding to an ordinary left ventricular end-diastolic size. In addition, getting old is linked to enhanced sinoatrial node conduction duration and a decrease in the essential heart pass judgment. The reaction to postural modifications is different between youthful individuals and senile people as cardiac productivity is controlled by rising heart rate in the youthful individuals, in contrast to the elderly people who depend on a rise in thump capacity to balance. Also, for the aged individuals, each through exercise the tachycardic reaction is lessened. Cardiac production is controlled by a rise in stroke capacity in a number of people, bit in other individuals there is no compensation and the capacity of aerobics is lessened. Finally, physiologic aging causes a prolonged isotonic contraction and a corrupted velocity of shortening (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2011). The Altered Presentation and Modifications of Therapy Therapies that lessen, prevent, or deal with blood clots have been significant in lessening cardiovascular mortality or morbidity. One, judgeship of low dose aspirin has prolonged advantage in managing and preventing popular cardiovascular diseases, for example, coronary artery disease. In addition, the administration of aspirin has been significant in the initial prevention of stroke and heart attack in high risk elderly patients. Two, there has been the utilization of anticoagulation with warfarin for avoidance of stroke peripheral venous issues of a treme ndous forms of surgical practices in different clinical attempts. Chronic warfarin therapy diminishes the most dreaded problems of stroke in older patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Nonetheless, warfarin therapy needs recurrent blood tests for control of the dose (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association, 2011). Three, older patients may bear with antihypertensive therapy. Antihypertensive therapy in older patients has been utilized for thiazide diuretics solely or together with beta blockers. Beta blockers or Thiazide diuretics have been recommended for therapy for elderly patients suffering from hypertension due to affordable costs and proven longevity advantages. Also, each drug dosage is usually regulated for disease-related and age modifications. Finally, there are therapies that have been modify to restore the sinus rhythm. This is usually taken into account in older patients with unusual cardiovascular function or atrial arrhythmias which is not eas y to manage, or which is not of long-standing. Nonetheless, novel therapies are being established for specified signs that could offer better protection and easiness of utilization (American College of Cardiology, 2009). Identify Cardiovascular Diseases and Treatments As elderly individuals exist for long, they may suffer from a number of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, these people may suffer from a health condition that may lead to a different condition or damage if not adequately handled. There are a

Trust Builders in a Sales Person Essay Example for Free

Trust Builders in a Sales Person EssayTrust is the binding force of cracking relationships. This leads to greater cooperation and better solutions, especially in sales and guest service situations. When trust increases, communication is more effective and understanding in enhanced. Since most mint wont buy from someone they dont trust, building and maintaining a strong bond of trust is essential for developing long circumstance customer satisfaction and loyalty. Customers believe in getting the best and feeling comfortable with what they arrive at received.Having a long term customer takes more than swell customer service. Sales representatives of any company need to have the trust-builders characteristics to help them build strong relationships with clients. In the end this will help the overall positivity of the company. The first characteristic is expertise this is the finale to which a salesperson possesses relevant knowledge and capability to get the job done right. An example is Digicel, their sales persons ar well trained and equipped with relevant information and knowledge of their prices and sale promotions.Customers can ask a salesperson about a promotion and when the customer research for themselves, it is accurate. This builds trust, when a salesperson shows competence and knowledge. This has pushed Digicel to be the top efficient service provider of telecommunication in Jamaica. Second characteristic is dependability this is the extent to which a salesperson consistently and predictably follows through on commitments he/she makes to others. Digicel sales practices indicates this when they offer free nights promotion to customers.This promotion was always offered once a customer puts on two hundred dollars before 9pm. This allows customers to depend on what Digicel said they would deliver. Candor is the third characteristic of a trust-builder typecast it is the extent to which a salesperson is honest and upfront with others, especiall y with regard to issues/factors that may impact those others. Digicel portraits this by allowing their sales personnel or customer c are agent to enumerate customer the truth when they are having technical problems, they even go as far as sending out texts to inform and apologise for the disruptions.The fourth trust-builder type is customer orientation this is the extent to which a salesperson values and protects the interests of his/her customers. Digicel trained their salespersons to show empathy while adding value and giving back to the customers confederacy and even their lives. Encouraging rebuilding of schools, community centers and developing public areas push customers to trust and build long term relationship with Digicel. The fifth trust-builder is likeability this is the affection customers have towards you.There are many factors that contribute to how likeable you are as a person, but in the context of relationships with your customers, these factors encompass courtesy , respect, remembering names and primaeval facts, treating each customer as special, and being interested in them and their lives. Digicel depicts this in their advertisements and when a sale agent is speaking to you. They ensured Jamaican culture and people are portrayed in their ads. They also ensure high quality service by asking for your name and throughout the conversation they refer to you by your name.

Rigid journey Essay Example for Free

Rigid journey EssayIt was a rigid journey that started with two voices and that ended with one and only(a). One is the voice of meaningless modernity. Disjointed and syncopated, this voice hopes to couple in with the norm, tirelessly finding meaning done misconstrued words. The another(prenominal)wise is the voice of an ailing away as it struggles to keep up with the present. It is the words of fable and myth, incapacitated in the humdrum of everyday life.Coming in contact through an unexpected dialogue, these two voices collide but, further on, reveal their similarities in order to shout the issues of their looming futures. Jonathan Safran Foers critic eithery-successful debut invigorated Everything is Illuminated relishes in these two voices, speaking to its readers in dual tones as a metaphor of the different perspectives that arise from a problem of identity element that epitomizes this generation a generation fraught by issues brought about by concerns of industry , capitalism, and materialism.Part memoir, part travelogue, this novel primarily chronicles the travels of Jonathan Foer, a immature Jewish-American writer of the homogeneous name as the author, who attempts to research his granddads life in Ukraine and disc everyplace the woman who had saved him from apparent execution in the hands of Nazi soldiers. To make his trip remotely easier, he employs the help of Heritage Tours, a tour compevery that specializes in aiding Jewish-Americans retrace their roots in the Old Country.His guide and translator for this trip is Alex Perchov, a Ukrainian of the same age who is utterly enraptured by the American goal that reaching the maintains worshipped shores and becoming an accountant is all he has ever dreamed about. Along with the ride are Alexs Grandfather, their supposedly blind driver, and his seeing-eye bang Sammy Davis Junior, Junior. But, Foer, the author, also incorporates a second and third narrative amidst this backdrop of identity -searching.One, told in Jonathans voice, tells the stage of his Grandfathers shtetl or town, TrachimBrod, its fabled rise and spare fall during World War II. We can initially perceive the novel as a seeming coming-of-age story that finds its core in the retelling of the happenings of the Holocaust and its unambiguous impact on its Jewish survivors and their kin. But, it also echoes of the capitalist ideologies that define our era and how it has come to mold our youth, as seen through the depiction of Jonathan and Alex.With this in mind, this paper aims to build an understanding of the hegemony at heart the text through the use of Marxist literary criticism. An Over imagine of Marxism and the Communist Manifesto At the heart of Marxism lies the struggle between classes, a univocal clash of ideologies brought about by the fight over the right of power. It is primarily a critique of the current Industrial Age family, wherein an apparent discrepancy between the growing worldly -minded class and the working class began to be noticeable.Promulgated by Karl Marx in the early nineteenth century, Marxism finds its roots in the analysis of the obtain of power, the base of power, within a society and how this social class determines the course of production within a society (Marx and Engels 1848). Heralded as the core political theory of Communism, it is a politically-driven social theory that deems to see that the proletariat be considered a class, that the reigning bourgeois be overthrown, and that political power should be reverted to the proletariat (Marx, Engels, and Jones 15). utilise to literature, Marxism becomes a critique of the social structures and the point of authority found in the text, as concocted by the writers own perceptions of the history of class within the novel. The Communist bible, Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto, co-written by Frederick Engels, calls the proletariat to arms in what they see as a social revolution unlike any other. They deem that Capitalist rulings of the working class as exploitative, seeing these people merely as dispensable commodity to yield production.They deem the bourgeoisie as state of the abolition of individuality and freedom (22). They narrate series of possible events to the dissolution of the bourgeoisie that would mean the rise of the proletariat and the erasure of any other remnants of the feudalist system (Marx and Engels 17). Over-all, it is deemed that the only answer to a social revolution is the forcible overthrow of the present reigning base of power, the denouncement of past social conditions, and the inception of a strong network of representative that would protect the individual rights of working men and women.A Dichotomy of Roles What makes Foers novel a definite stand-out in the literary scene is its experimentation with form and its boundless potentials. For his novel, he follows three narratives as told by the two primary characters of the text, Jonathan and Alex. Pl aced in the context of Marxism, thither is an evident inner struggle between the two characters that is representative of their own social statuses and how they manage to deal with the issues specific to it.According to Marxs groundbreaking treatise, society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes facing each other Bourgeoisie and Proletariat (Marx and Engels 9). Although, most may deem this social division as outdated, it still reveals much about our current social structure that expected. In our globalized view, such structure can now be attributed to cultures dominating over each other, cultures that manipulate the flow of international relations given the power they harbour through their economic superioritya system that Marx had initially suspected.As with todays society, American culture (though flailing amidst the rise of new economic powers) corpse the power base and controls much of the worlds economic activity, and he nce, becomes the source of all human institutions and ideologies, or what Marx calls, the superstructure. With this power behind them, the base is able to modulate the direction that society is driven to, characterizing each element as they see fit. Evident in the novel is undisputed hegemony of American culture as presented through the character of Alex.Ensnared by the allure of money and progress, Alex is the quintessential American wanna be. He is driven to create an image of himself that is allegedly reminiscent of this culture a womanizer, an excessive spender, a big talker. Evidence of this fascination with American culture can also be read in page 69 wherein Alex speaks with Jonathan over dinner and bombards him with questions about American life Are there good accounting schools? Are there Negro accountants? How much is the coffee there (Foer 69)? every the answers elicit an excitement for this prevailing culture, all the more pushing Alex to value it more than he does his own. In a letter to Jonathan written purportedly later on the his visit to Ukraine, he mentions that he is saving up to go to the States, and that in order to save money (despite his haves belief that he isnt so), he stays at the beach and just thinks. He thinks that Jonathan is so lucky (52). These ideas of American culture, the American Dream, are in fact disseminated through the lease medium as presented in the text when Alex says I dig American movies (2). It is, in essence, a diluted imagery of what American culture is like as shown through the limited capacity of film. Gone are seemingly politically correct ideologies and from the vantage point of Alexs restricted viewpoint of American culture we see the flaws of a race and gender divided structure. It is also necessary to note the importance of the Alexs use of language in the text. His language is a mix of profundity and slang in an attempt to sound as American as possible, but failing miserably to communicate what he i n reality means in the process.His misconstrued language echoes the attempt of the working class to attain a level of equality with the bourgeois (American culture), but unsuccessfully doing so because the term that separates the two arenas can never be crossed. Alexs character, in this sense, epitomizes the proletariat desire to obtain an amount of power (how miniscule) it might be from the dominating bourgeois by inculcating themselves within a culture created by the elite. When he took on the role of translate for Jonathan, Alex believed it to be an unordinary (Foer 2) experience.By taking on this Americanized persona, Alex believes he is vista himself apart from a family of three Alexs, from his own culture. He yearns to depart from his class and seek a brighter one in another. But, I believe, that this is the tragedy of Alex. He deems to create for himself a new personality, an individuality, but through the acceptance of another ideological structure that might even be stron ger and far more dangerous than the one he opts to leave behind. This is, as what Marx says, is a sense of false consciousness (Eagleton 103).People are conditioned by the material world to accept accepted ideas and beliefs as objective fact. They misunderstand their position and the meaning of their position. (Progreba 2). On the other hand, we see Jonathan who departs from the States and its culture to find his roots in Ukraine. Armed with the picture of his grandfather and the picture of the woman who rescued him, he embarks on a journey to understand his muddled identity. Whereas, Alex looks at the American culture as one that would in the end define him, Jonathan temporarily denounces it and searches for it in his history.This is evident in his chronicle of the history of his grandfathers little village. But, similar to Alex, he finds fascination in a culture other than his own and looks up to it as a medium to understand his own identity. By narrating the events that led to the destruction of the village, from its establishment and his grandfather, Safrans, rescue from the Nazis, Jonathan communicates with his past and forms a dialogue with it. For both young men, this search for identity traces itself to their yearning to reclaim their place in a society that alienates them.According to Marxist theory, the capitalist society alienates people in three different levels first, the worker is alienated from what he produces second, the worker is alienated from himself and third, the worker is alienated from society. The work of the proletarians has lost all their individual character, and consequently all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack that is required of him (Marx and Engels 14). Jonathan, who has taken a leave of absence from university, finds himself at a loss regarding his future goals in life, some of which are imposed on him by the require ments of his social circle fame and fortune. By following these, he would have to let go of his roots, of his own identity, and deliver products as what society needs of him. Hence, he finds his travel to Ukraine an opportunity for soul-searching, a method acting to deliver himself from the constraints of social responsibilities and discover his own potential as a person.When Alex questions Jonathan about his yearnings to be a writer, Jonathan answers him half-heartedly, as if questioning even his own finish to take on this career (Foer 69). But, by the middle of the novel, as implied in one of Alexs letters to Jonathan, he had gone on back to university to quest for this career, perhaps already with an inkling of his own identity discovered during his visit in Ukraine. Alex, on the other hand, seeks deliverance in American culture. He detests his Father who bullies him and his miniature brother, Little Igor.He yearns to separate himself from this abusive authority and find solace in a culture that is free and progressive. We can view his Father and their travel company in the Marxist context as the Capitalist. Their company, Heritage Tours, having been a family business for three generations ties Alex intensely to the family that he hopes to leave behind. As his mother had said, she is extremely proud that her son had decided to taking the responsibility of acting as a guide for the Jewish boy instead of wallowing or so doing nothing and wasting money (Foer 2).Marxist theory also expands on the notion of a counter-hegemonic culture that should be developed in order to penalize against the prevailing social norms as promulgated by the ruling class. Essentially, the novel revolves around this, as with any text that centers on a search for identity and individuality. Alex and Jonathan both are at war with their societies which is why they seek to find it another, whether in more direct forms (like Jonathans) or discreetly (like Alexs). There remains, in the story of these two individuals, a definite struggle to fight against hegemony and the norm.Conclusion The third narrative, as we have mentioned, are letters from Alex to Jonathan, still written in the same manner as he had spoken to us in his usual narrative. These letters, from mere discussion of their positions in life finally show the kind of affinity these two young men are able to foster. They are the acceptance of their brotherhood amidst the flurry of modern life, amidst the demands of their social classes and their inherent responsibilities. But, most importantly, as the novel proves, it serves as an insight into a quiet counter-revolution that prevails today.Works Cited Eagleton, Terry. Criticism and Ideology A Study in Marxist Literary Theory. William Clowes Ltd. Suffolk, Great Britain. 2006 Foer, Jonathan Safran. Everything is Illuminated. Houghton Mifflin Books bran-new York, New York. 2002 Jones, Gareth Stedman. Introduction. The Communist Manifesto. Penguin Books L td. USA, 1967 Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels. The Communist Manifesto. Socialist Labor Party of America. 2006. Retrieved from http//www. marxism. net/pdf/marx/comm_man. pdf

World History Essay Example for Free

World History Essay1. What do you already know, or think you know, about Judaism, Christianity, and Islam? They had a lot of wars and disagreements. 2. In what parts of the world are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam dominant today? Christians are dominant in north sec America followers of island dominate north Africa, western and central Asia, and Indonesia. Followers of Judaism can be prepare most everywhere but are change state in Israel and North America. 3. How are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam related?They began in Southeast Asia. All three religions claim they began with Abraham. 4. How are the stories of Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad alike and different? Moses andJesus, are considered the founders of Judaism and Christianity respectively. Muslims of Arabic race however, trace their roots, to Abrahams other(a) son, Ishmael. His descendent Muhammad founded Islam. 5. After reading these excerpts, how do you think these religions compare?6. What are the primary differen ces and similarities among the three religions? why? Jewish people do not believe that Jesus was the messiah or the son of God or that he was resurrected. 7. Why are some situations considered sacred in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam? The holiest site in Islam, the Kaaba, stands at the center of the Masjid al-Haram mosque in Mecca. The mosque know as the Dome of the Rock sits where the temple once stood, the place where Muslims believe that Muhammad rose into heaven. 8. Why do divisions occur within as well as among the three major monotheistic religions?More than 50 percent of the worlds population follows Christianity, Judaism, or Islam. Christianity has rough 2,286,000,000 followers worldwide. This is 33 percent of the world. Christians are concentrated in North and South America, Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Australia. Islam has slightly 1,524,000,000 followers worldwide. This is 22 percent of the world. Followers of Islam, known as Muslims, are concentrated in North Afr ica, Western and Central Asia, and Indonesia. Judaism has approximately 15,000,000 followers worldwide. This is less than 0.25 percent of the world.Followers of Judaism can be found most everywhere but are concentrated in Israel and North America. Buddhism has approximately 484,000,000 followers worldwide. This is 7 percent of the world. Buddhists are concentrated in China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Korea, and Japan. Hinduism has approximately 901,000,000 followers worldwide. This is 13 percent of the world. Hindus are concentrated in South Asia. Jewish people do not believe that Jesus was the messiah or the son of God or that he was resurrected. Muslims follow the Five Pillars of faith. These are the declaration of faith (shahada), prayer (salat), almsgiving (zakat), fasting (sawm), and the pilgrimage (hajj). Followers of each(prenominal) three religions practice some type of fasting SabbathAll three religions honor a weekly holy day, typically involving prayer and worship with other followers. Christians believe in the sacraments as a process for preparing each believer to join God. Among these are baptism, by which people agree to worship God and shape Christian. All three faiths hold that humans brook a soul that will be judged when their bodies die Neither Jews nor Muslims are permitted to eat pork. They also have certain processes for preparing food properly, called kosher in Judaism and halal in Islam.Jews, Christians, and Muslims all believe in one, and only one, god The Star of David, also known as the Shield of David, has stood for Judaism from as early as the 11th century. The star has 12 sides for the 12 tribes of Israel. Jewish congregations are led by rabbis. in Christianity, the cross became a sacred symbol when Jesus was crucified. Its a symbol of his sacrifice and the resurrection.Christian congregations are led by priests, minister, or pastors. The star and crescent has roots that make back to pre-Islamic times, but tod ay it is a symbol of Islam. Muslim congregations are led by imams. n the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, a cenotaph, or exhaust tomb, stands over the place where Abraham is believed to have been buried. Also in Old Jerusalem, the church building of the Holy Sepulchre is believed to be the location of Jesus crucifixion, burial, and resurrection. One of the oldest churches in the world, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem marks the location where the gospels of Matthew and Luke indicate Jesus was born.

Review of DNA and Protein Microarray for BioMEMS Technology

Review of DNA and Protein Microarray for BioMEMS TechnologyIn recent years increase in genetic exclusivelyy cause maladys is ace of the major threat to mankind. Some of the genetically ca employ infirmitys ar down syndrome, diabetes, obesity, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis. This review paper explains how BioMEMS (Biological MicroElectroMechanicalSystem) engine room used in microarrays and finding of gene spirit which leads to medicine for particular distempers. BioMEMS interrogation has been acquiring importance, due to the possibility of exploiting miniaturization to create new opportunities in medicine. BioMEMS systems in general have more sort of materials and function than stodgy MEMS constructions. In BioMEMS ink-jet printing, photolithography techniques were introduced to deposit protein and DNA in array. DNA and protein micro-arrays found BioMEMS could be very extensively for rapid detective work, medicine baring, and screening, in particular when combined with integrated micro-fluidics and sensitive detection technologies. The techniques used to define patterns on semiconductor surfaces were utilized to construct arrays of one-stranded DNA. Once iodine strands of known sequences ( drive probes) atomic number 18 placed at specific known sites on a chip surface, hybridization with shreds of unknown sequence ( indicate probes) rouse reveal the sequence. Microarray- stolidd gene reflection compose can be used to identify genes whose mien is changed in response todisease caused genetically by comparing gene expression in give to that in uninfected cells or tissues. Protein and antibody arrays can play a key role in search for disease-specific proteins that have medical, diagnostic, prognostic, and commercial potential as disease markers or as drug channelizes and for determination of predisposition to specific disease via genotypic screening. rove-based integrated chips and micro-fluidics hold a great potential for the developm ent of high-throughput approaches to consistently analyze these proteins and to assign a biologic function, determine protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. This paper tells about varies applications of BioMEMS to detect the defective gene the causes diseases and the trickery modes used in microarrays chip production.Keywords LOC Lab-on-a-chip, BioMEMS (Biological MicroElectroMechanicalSystem), TAS (Micro come up Analysis System), Oligonucleotide, Microdroplets , Electrospray.1. IntroductionMicroarray technology has been applied to study of gene expression to study mechanisms of diseases and to accelerate the drug breakthrough process. at that place is a definite make out towards increasing the use of molecular diagnostic methods, and biochip technologies, along with bioinformatics techniques. Classification of human disease utilize microarrays is considered to be pregnant. The emphasis is not only on diagnosis but also on disease management, including monitoring th e effect of treatment and determining prognosis 1. Microarray and lab-on-a-chip systems atomic number 18 going to fulfill these new requirements, including the miniaturization of biological assays as well as the parallelization of analysis. Although the concept has been performed by miniaturizing the analytical equipments, the technology comes from the microeletromechanical and microelectronics industries 2. Lab-on-a-chip technology is the method of choice to integrate processes and reaction and scale them down from conventional glassware to microfluidics, involving micro-sized channels in glass or polymer chips 3. DNA microarray also knows as DNA chips, comprise a new technology emerging at a tremendous pace because of its power, flexibility, sensitivity and congenator simplicity 4. BioMEMS for proteomics can be divided into LOC device for specific tasks such(prenominal) as protein isolation, purification, digestion, and separation and microarray device for high throughput study of protein abundance and function. An emergence of DNA, protein microarray has emerged over the last few years with commercial potential beyond the confines of the research laboratory 5. In this paper we start our discussion with the history of microarray subsequently we go into the details of general techniques used in DNA and protein microarray followed by fabrication and the application and afterlife of microarray.2. History of MicroarrayMicroarray technology evolved from Southern blotting, where fragmented DNA is attached to a substrate and then probed with a known gene or fragment 6. The archetypal reported use of this approach was the analysis of 378 arrayed lysed bacterial colonies each harboring a different sequence which were assayed in sixfold replicas for expression of the genes in multiple normal and tumor tissue 7. These early gene arrays were made by spotting cDNA onto filter paper with a pin-spotting device. The use of miniaturized microarray for gene expression p rofiling was first reported in 1995 8. This technology allowed scientists to analyze thousands of mRNAs in a single experiment to determine whether expression is different in disease state. Unfortunately, mRNA levels within a cell are frequently poorly correlated with actual protein abundance 9. A accomplish eukaryotic genome on a microarray was published in 199710. The development of biochip has a long history, starting with early work on the underlying sensor technology. In 1953, Watson and Crick announced their discovery of now familiar double helix structure and sequencing techniques by Gilbert and Sanger in 1977 11, 12. Two additional developments enable the technology used in groundbreaking DNA-based biosensors. First, in 1983 Kary Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, a method for amplifying DNA concentration. This discovery made possible the detection of extremely piddling quantities of DNA in take ins. Second, in 1986 Hood and co-workers devise d a method to label DNA molecules with fluorescent tags instead of radiolables, thus enabling hybridization experiments to be observed optically 13. A wide boost in research and commercial interest came in the mid 1990s, when TAS (Micro Total Analysis System) technology turned out to suffer interesting tooling for genomics application, similar capillary electrophoresis and DNA microarray 14. Immunoassays, the precursor to protein chips available since the 1980s, exploit the interactions amid antibodies and antigens in order to detect their concentrations in biology sample. Their creation, however, is tedious and expensive. As to this, research at Harvard University combined the technology of immunoassays and DNA microarray to develop the protein chip 15.3. DNA Microarrays and Fabrication3.1 IntroductionMicroarray analysis allows simultaneous of gene and gene products, including DNA, mRNA and proteins. There are basically deuce formats cDNA microarrays and oligonucleotide microar rays. A cDNA microarray is an orderly arrangement of DNA probe spot printed onto a solid matrix such as glass, nylon, or silicon. The substrate is usually less than 4-4 cm, while the spot size is less than 250m. A DNA molecular probe is tethered (embedded and immobilized) to each spot on microarray. surface modification of the substrate, such as wit poly-L-lysin or silane, facilitates adhesion of the DNA probes. Hybridization is the base pairing between target and the probe, and is limited by the sensitivity and specificity of the microarray. There are three basic types of oligonucleotide microarrays gene expression, genotyping (SNPs), and resquencing. Genomic DNA may be used for the study of SNPs, while expressed DNA sequence (cDNA clones, expressed sequence tags or ESTs) are used for gene expression 17.3.2 Microarrays for Gene ExpressionGene expression microarrays are tools that tell how much RNA (if any) a gene is making. Since 1977, and prior to microarray, only a few genes co uld be studied at a time using the northern blot analysis. GeneChip ( chassis. 1.1) microarrays use the natural chemical attraction, or hybridization, between DNA on the array and RNA target molecule from the sample based on complementary base pairs. Only RNA target molecule that have exact complementary base pair bind to the prob. Gene expression detection microarray is that they are able to measure tens of thousands of genes at a time, and it is this quantitative change in the scale of gene measurement that has led to a soft change in our ability to understand regulatory processes that occur at the cellular level. It is possible to obtain near comprehensive expression data for man-to-man tissues or organs in various states. Compressions are possible for transcriptional activity across different tissue, and classify of patients with and without a particular disease or with two different diseases. Microarray studies are designed in principle to directly measure the activity of t he genes involved in particular mechanism or system quite an than their association with a particular biological or clinical feature 18. Although genes may be thousand of base pairs long, it is only necessary to construct a probe of 25 bases that be a unique complementary portion of the target gene. In other words, the short probe on the microarray measures the expression of the complete gene by sampling only a small section of the gene. In some instances, as little as one RNA molecule out of 100,000 different RNAs in an original sample may be detected 19.Sensitivity is the ability to identify the rarely expressed transcripts in a complex flat coat. Specification is the ability to discern between different family members. The hybridization efficiency of two nucleic acid strand depends on1) Sequence-dependent factors for length, extent of complementarity, and overall base composition2) Sequence independent factors such as the concentration of the probe and target, time, temperatu re, cation concentration, valency character, pH, dielectric and chaotropic medica, surface characteristics of the solid, and density spacing of the probe molecules and3) Sample-dependent complex background signal, which are probes interacting with the wrong complementary sequence 20.Fig 1.1 GeneChip probe microarray cartridge (Image courtesy of Affmetrix)3.3 Microarray for SNPsSmall difference in a DNA sequence can have major impact on health. Deletions, insertions, and other mutations of as little as a single base pair may result in signification disease. Identification these mutations require determining the exact sequence for thousand of SNPs distributed throughout the genome. Using microarray, it is possible to scan the whole genome and look for genetic similarities among a group of people who share the same disease. Using microarray to genotype 10,000 to 100,000 SNPs, it is possible to identify the gene or group of genes that contribute to disease. For example, if a large group of people with a given diagnosis have several SNPs in common, but not healthy people, then mutations may be looked for within those SNPs. A genotyping microarray may look for up to 100,000 SNPs or more 21.3.4 FabricationDNA spotting may be accomplished by depositing PCR amplified ESTs (500-5000 base pairs), or by in suit implication of oligodeoxynucleotide sequences (20-50 base pairs) on the substrate. There are variety of spotting techniques that include mechanical and ink-jet style application.The GeneChip brand arrays provide high levels of reproducibility, sensitivity, and specification. The following process criterions are used for fabrication of the GeneChip1) GeneChip probe array are manufactured through a combination of photolithography (Fig 1.2) and combinative chemistry. With a calculated minimum number of synthesis steps, GeneChip technology produce array with hundreds of thousands of different probes packed at an extremely high density. Small sample volumes are requi red for study. Manufacture is scalable because the length of the probe, not their number, determines the number of synthesis steps required.2) Manufacturing begins with a 5-in square quartz wafer. Initially the quartz is serve to ensure uniform hydroxylation across its surface. Because quarts is naturally hydroxylated, it provides an excellent substrate for the attachment of chemical, such as linker molecules, that are later used to position the probes on the arrays.Fig 1.2 Photolithographic technique are used to locate and add nucleotides for fabrication of array of probe (Image courtesy of Affymetrix)3) The wafer is placed in a bath of silane, which reacts with hydroxyl groups of quartz, and forms a matrix of covalently linked molecules. This distance between these silane determines the probes packing density, allowing array to hold over 500,000 probe location, or features, within a mere 1.28cm2. Each of these features harbors millions of undistinguishable DNA molecules. The sila ne film provides a uniform hydroxyl density to initiate probe assembly. Linker molecules, attached to the silane matrix, provide a surface that may be spatially activated by light (Fig 1.3).4) Probe synthesis occurs in parallel, resulting in the addition of an A, C, T or G nucleotide to multiple growing imprisonment simulataneously. To define which oligonucleotide durance will receive a nucleotide in each step, photolithographic clothes, carrying 18 to 20 m2 windows that corresponds to the dimensions of individual features, are placed over the surface wafer. The windows are distributed over the mask based on the desired sequence each. When the UV light is shone over the mask in the first step of synthesis, the unfastened linkers become deprotected and are available for nucleotide coupling. critical to this step is the precise alignment of the mask with the wafer before each synthesis step. To ensure that this critical step is accurately completed, chrome marks on the wafer and on the mask are perfectly aligned.5) Once the desired features have been activated, a solution containing a single type of deoxynucleotide with a removable protection group is flushed over the wafers surface. The nucleotide attaches to the activated linkers, initiating the synthesis process.6) Although the process is highly efficient, some activated molecules hand out to attach the new nucleotide. To celebrate these outliers from becoming probes with missing nucleotides, a capping step is used to truncate them. In additional, the side chains of the nucleotides are protected to prevent the geological formation of branched oligonucleotides.Fig 1.3 GeneChip fabrication steps (Image courtesy Affmetrix).7) In the following(a) synthesis step, another mask is placed over the wafer to allow the next round of deprotection and coupling. The process is repeated until the probes reach their full length, usually 25 nucleotides.8) Although each position in the sequence of an oligonucleotide c an be occupied by one of four nucleotides, resulting in an apparent pick out for 24-4, or 100, different masks per wafer, the synthesis process can be designed to significantly knock down this requirement. Algorithms that help minimize mask usage calculate how to best coordinate probe growth by adjusting synthesis rates of individual probes and identifying situations when the same mask can be multiple times.9) Once the synthesis is completed, the wafer are deprotected and diced, and the resulting individual arrays are picked and packed in flowcell cartridges. Depending on the number of probe features per array, a single wafer can yield between 49 and 400 arrays.10) The manufacturing process ends with a comprehensive series of quality stop tests. Additional, a sampling of array from either wafer is used to test the batch by running control hybridizations. A quantitative test of hybridization is also performed using standardized control probes 22.3.5 Microarray data AnalysisData filtration is performed by selecting threshold pixel intensity and 2-, 5-, or 10- fold difference between the samples. Different genes with an identical profile may represent a coordinate response to a stimulus. Genes with opposite profiles may represent repression. To compare expression profiles it is necessary to define a set of metrics, or trading operations that return a value that is proportional in some way to the similarities or difference between two expression profiles. The most commonly used metrics are Euclidean distance and Pearson coefficient of correlation 23.3.5.1 Euclidean DistanceTwo or more profile of each of two genes are compared as a mathematical matrix operation of n-dimensional space, where n is the number of expression patterns available. The Euclidean distance is the square root of the summation of the difference between all pairs of corresponding values. For two genes the distance is as followsWhered is the distance,e1 is the expression pattern of gene1,e2 is the expression pattern of gene 2, andi is the element of the expression profileGene1 (e11, e12, ., e1n) and gene1 (e21, e22, .,e2n).3.5.2 Pearson correlativity CoefficientThe Pearson correlation coefficient (r) gives a value of from -1 to 1, and closer to 1 (negative and positive correlation, respectively). The closer two profiles have the same expression, the closer the value will be to 1Where and Sen are the mean and typical deviation of all of the point of the nth profile, respectively.4. Protein Microarray and Fabrication4.1 IntroductionProtein microarrays are becoming an important tool in proteomics, drug discovery programs, and diagnostics 24. The amount of information obtained from small quantities of biological samples is significantly increased in the microarray format. This feature is extremely valuable in protein profiling, where samples are often limited in supply and unlike DNA, cannot be amplified 25. Protein microarrays are more challenging to prepare than are DN A chips 26 because several technical hurdles bond their application. The surfaces typically used with DNA are not easily adaptable to proteins, owing to the biophysical differences between the two classes of bioanalytes 27. Arrayed protein must be immobilized in a native conformation to maintain their biological function. Unfortunately, proteins tend to unfold when immobilized onto a support so as to allow internal hydrophobic side chains to from hydrophobic bonds with the solid surface 28. Surface chemistry, capture agents, and detection methods take on special significance in developing microarrays. Microarrays consist of microscopic target spots, planer substrates, rows and columns of elements, and probe molecules in solution. Each protein assessed by a microarray should be the same as the partial concentration of each protein in the biological choice 29. The past ten years have witnessed a fascinating growth in the field of large-scale and high-throughput biology, resulting in a new era of technology development and the collection and analysis of information. The challenges ahead are to elucidate the function of every encoded gene and protein in an organism and to understand the basic cellular events mediating complex processes and those causing diseases 30-33. Protein are more challenging to prepare for the microarray format than DNA, and protein functionality is often dependent on the state of proteins, such as post-translational modification, partnership with other proteins, protein subcellular localization, and correctable covalent modification (e.g. phosphorylation). Nonetheless, in recent years there have been considerable achievements in preparing microarray containing over 100 proteins and even an entire proteome 34-36. Randox Laboratories Ltd. Launched Evidence, the first protein Biochip Array Technology analyzer in 2003. In protein Biochip Array Technology, the biochip replaces the ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) plate or cuvette as the reaction platform. The biochip is used to simultaneously analyze a beautify of related tests in a single sample, producing a patient profile. The patient profile can be used in disease screening, diagnosis, monitoring disease progression or monitoring treatment (wiki Biochip). Protein expression profiling, protein-protein binding, drug interaction, protein folding, substrate specificity, enzymatic activity, and the interaction between protein and nucleic acids are among the application of protein microarrays.Abundance-based microarray, including capture microarray and reverse-phase protein blots, measure the abundance of specific biomolecules using well defined and high specific analyte-specific reagents (ASRs). Different classes of molecules can act as capture molecules in microarray assays, including antigen-antibody, protein -protein, aptamer-ligand, enzyme-substrate, and receptor-ligand 37.4.2 SpottingIn situ synthesis of protein microarrays as done for DNA microarrays is i mpractical. Other forms of delivery-based technology must be incorporated. One-drop-at-a-time (microspotting) techniques including use of pins, quills or hollow needles that repeatedly touch the substrate surface depositing one spot after the next in an array format shooting microdroplets from a ejector similar to ink-jet printing and depositing counsellingd submicron-sized droplets by electrospray deposition (ESD). Alternatively, parallel techniques such as microcontact printing (CP), digital ESD, and photolithographic controlled protein adsorption can be used. Currently, micospotting by robotic techniques has greater use in the research setting, whereas parallel techniques tour cost saving for mass production for commercial use 38.4.3 Microcontact printing (CP)In microcontact printing stamps are typically made from a silicon elastomer and used to make a microarray of spots with feature size from 0.01 to 0.1m. Steps for stamping include the following 381) Activation of the stam p surface to increase hydrophilicity or to introduce grups for inking to target molecules such as antibodies, protein A, or streptavidin.2) Direct adsorption of protein molecules or their binding to capture molecules over a period of 0.5-1 hours.3) Rinsing.4) Drying in a nitrogen current for about a minute.5) Pressing the stamp against a suitable substrate for about a minute to allow transfer of the semidry materials.Disadvantages include poor control of the amount of materials transferred, small amount of deposited materials, and possible changes in protein function. Microarrays containing up three different proteins were fabricated by CP technique and tested as a detection system for specific antibodies 39. Immunoassay were successfully performed using the patterned protein microarrays, and were characterized by fluorescence microscopy and scanning- probe microscopy. The characterization revealed the quality of the protein deposition and indicated a high degree of selectivity for the targeted antigen-antibody interaction.4.3 Electrospray depositary (ESD)The basic physics underlying the newly emerging technique of electrospray deposition (ESD) as applied to biological macromolecules. Fabrication of protein films and microarrays are considered as the most important applications of this technology. All the major stages in the ESD process (solution electrification, formation of a cloud of charged microdroplets, transformation of microdroplets into ions and charged clusters, deposition, and neutralization) are discussed to reveal the physical processes involved, such as space charge effects, dissipation of energy upon landing and neutralization mechanisms 40. In electrospray deposition, protein is transferred from the glass capillary positioned 130-350 m above a conducting surface. Micro-sized charged droplets move in an electric field created by the difference in electric field potential between the tip and the substrate surface and by the spatial charge of th e droplet cloud. The electrostatic repulsion expands the cloud, and microdroplets are deposited as a round spot. The spot density is greater at the center 38.Two new techniques were recently create in these laboratories for fabrication of protein microarrays electrospray deposition of dry proteins and covalent linking of proteins from dry deposits to a dextran-grafted surface. Here we apply these techniques to simultaneously fabricate 1200 identical microarrays. Each microarray, 0.6 - 0.6 mm2 in size, consists of 28 different protein antigens and allergens deposited as spots, 3040 m in diameter. Electrospray deposition (ESD) of dry protein and covalent linking of proteins from dry deposits to a dextran-grafted surface has been studied from fabrication of microarrays. Electrospray (ES) deposition has been applied to fabricate protein microarrays for immunochemical assay. Protein antigens were deposited as arrays of dry spots on a surface of aluminized plastic. Deposition was perform ed from water solutions containing a 10-fold (w/w of dry protein) additional of sucrose. Upon contact with humid air, the spots turn into microdroplets of sucrose/protein solution from which proteins were either adsorbed or covalently linked to clean or modified aluminum surfaces. It was found that covalent binding of antigens via aldehyde groups of oxidized branched dextran followed by reduction of the Schiff bonds gives the highest sensitivity and the lowest background in microarray-based ELISA, as compared to other tested methods of antigen immobilization 41.Protein microarray with an antibody-based protein array for high-throughput immunoassay, with an ESD method using a quartz mask with holes made by an abrasive jet technique, has been performed. An antibody solution was electrosprayed onto an ITO glass, and then antibodies were deposited and cross-linked with a vapor of glutaraldehyde. The dimeters of the spots were approximately one hundred fifty m. The arrays were then inc ubated with corresponding target antigenic molecules and washed. The captured antigens were collectively detected by fluorescence and chemiluminescence. The signals were quantitatively visualized with a high-resolution CCD 42.4.4 Surface immobilizationIn umteen proteomics applications, one is interested in the facile and covalent immobilization of protein molecules without the use of any special tag or chemical modification. This is most conveniently achieved via chemical reactivity towards the commonly available -NH2 groups on the surface of protein molecules. One of the most efficient leaving groups towards -NH2 is N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) attached via an ester bond. We have developed an NHS surface based on the zero background narrow down coating. It allows for fast immobilization reactions with the remaining NHS groups easily washed off to expose the zero background PEG coating (Fig 1.4). In subsequent assays, the PEG functionality ensures that binding of particular molecule s to the surface is only through the specific interaction with the immobilized protein molecule and the commonly seen background problem is solved without the need of a blocking step.Fig 1.4 NHS activated surfaces for the immobilization of proteins, peptides, antibodies (Image courtesy ZeroBkg )Peptide and protein microarrays fabricated on NHS/PEG/glass slides (Fig 1.5) Nanoliter droplets of peptide (21 amino-acids) or protein (fibrinogen) solution containing 10% glycerol are deposited on the glass slide with a robotic arrayer and incubated for 10 proceeding. NHS-groups in remaining area are removed by a deactivating buffer for 30 minutes at room temperature. The immobilized peptide or protein on the surface is detected by incubation with the primary antibody specifically against the peptide or fibrinogen, followed by wash and incubation with cy3-conjugated secondary coil antibody. The glass slides are imaged on a laser scanner. The most important result is the exceptionally low b ackground due to the PEG coating. While the NHS/PEG coated glass slides are ideal for protein, peptide, and antibody arrays, they are also useful as low background surfaces for other microarrays, such as oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, and other small molecules. The non-fouling property of the high density PEG coating becomes critically important when one uses such an array for the study of complex biological samples, such as plasma or serum. In order to detect molecules of low abundance, such as cancer biomarkers, one needs to minimize non-specific adsorption of other spacious biomolecules 43.Fig 1.5 Fluorescence images of peptide (left) and protein (Fibrinogen, right) microarrays fabricated on NHS/PEG/glass slides and detected by immunostaining. The diameter of each spot is 100 m (Image courtesy ZeroBkg ).4.5 Self-assembling Protein MicroarraysMolecular fabrication of SAMS depends on chemical complementarily and structural compatibility, both of which confer the weak and noncova lent interaction that bind building blocks together during self-assembly. Water-mediated hydrogen bonds are important for living system. In nature the assembly of peptide and proteins has yielded collagen, keratin, pearl, shell, coral and calcite microlenses, and optical waveguides 44. The application of self-assembly techniques in the design of biocompatible protein microarray surfaces, immobilizing cells, and lipid layers, and spotting techniques has been reviewed by others 45-46.4.6 Detection StrategiesDetection and readout of complex formation in each spot is performed with fluorescence, chemiluminescence, mass spectrometry, radioactivity, or electrochemistry. Label-free methods include mass spectrometry and SPR. Labeled probe methods include use of a chromogen, fluorophor, or a radioactive isotope. Direct strategies use a labeled antibody to directly bind to the target molecule immobilized on the substrate. Amplification strategies based on avidin-biotin binding parent sensiti vity. Indirect strategies use an immobilized antibody for capturing labeled, specific molecules from the sample. Sandwich assay as noted earlier require two distinct antibodies foe detection of a capture molecule. The first antibody is immobilized on the substratum, and serves to capture the molecule of interest. A second labeled antibody then binds to the first complex allowing detection 47.5. Application of MicroarrayEver since the first gm probe DNA microarray was reported over a decade ago 48, great strides have been made in both quantitative and qualitative applications. Today, a standard DNA chip contains up to 6.5 million spots and can encompass entire eukaryotic genomes. A plethora of alternative applications are continually reported, albeit at various stages of maturity. What was once seen solely as a transcript profiling technology has now emerged as a reliable format for genotyping, get hitched with variant analysis, exon identification, ChIP-on-chip, comparative genomi c hybridization (CGH), resequencing, gene synthesis, RNA/RNAi synthesis and onchip translation 49. Perhaps the most exciting recent developments from a drug discovery perspective come from the integration of diverse technological innovations into microarray-based solutions, especially for other classes of molecular entity. From small molecules (e.g. metabolites, nucleotides, amino acids, sugars) to oligomeric and polymeric derivatives thereof, microarrays are now allowing us to canvas the intra-class (e.g. protein-protein) and inter-class (e.g. protein small molecule) interactions of these bio-system components on a systems-wide level. Yet, despite the appearance of a diversity of microarray types (e.g. Small Molecule Microarrays (SMMs) 51, Protein-Nucleic acid (PNA) microarrays 52, Glyco-chips 53, peptide chips 54, antibody chips 55, cell and tissue microarrays 56), each differs in their relative contribution to the Voltaire challenge. Certainly the foremost of such opportunities are thos