An Insight Into Prophecy: Infallibility Essay

Plato once remarked that a community could produce its ideal leader and guide by handpicking a select few and exposing them to an intricate balance of gymnastics and classical music. Apart from the emasculating effect of such a course of action, it no doubt falls short of the prophetic paradigm. Prophets are an important vehicle by which Allah (swt) guides mankind; their task is to convey God’s will and provide an example worthy of emulation. Yet, in order to be emulated they must themselves be of an impeccable character. In this brief article, I shall approach the topic of prophethood from the gateway of infallibility and attempt to assess, through a discussion of the purpose of prophethood, why infallibility is required. In order for the discussion of infallibility to be a fruitful one, it would seem most appropriate to begin by shedding light upon the institution of prophethood. The religions of the world have venerated those that they consider to be prophets. These charismatic figures have led communities and shaped subsequent history. Such influence and prestige appears to derive from their common claim; that they are divinely inspired. Their popular appeal thus stems form the fact that they represent one of the many ways by which God manifests His immanence; that God is closer to us than our jugular veins.1 Yet, beyond this link with the divine, religions have differed, in some respects, regarding prophethood. Prophets, as characterised by Judaism, the first of the three Abrahamic faiths, were people who felt very deeply. They were devastated by the suffering of those that were oppressed. Having great resonance with the life of our final messenger, Muhammad (s.a.w), the Jewish prophets tended to have three main phases to their lives; contemplative seclusion, scathing criticism of the status quo and finally the provision of a means to salvation. And yet, when reading the Old Testament, it becomes very much apparent that the prophets were not of an impeccable character; they appear fallible and at times guilty of serious sin. The Genesis account of Jacob tricking his father Isaac is a particular case to note.2 Another conspicuous difference is that of ethnicity. Israel was Yahweh’s chosen nation, and as such, prophets, divine favours, were sent to guide them. In contrast, the Islamic prophetology is a universal one; it recognises both that â€Å"to every nation is a guide†3 and that Muhammad (s.a.w), the seal of prophethood, was sent as a â€Å"mercy to all the world.†4 In Christianity can be seen an even greater departure from Islam’s prophetology. Here, prophetology becomes theology in the act of deifying Christ. As a footing, aiding our understanding of the alternate prophetologies of these two faiths, we may compare what have been taken to be the respective symbols of Christianity and Islam; the cross and the crescent. Placing aside the inherent defects of redemption, original sin and the act of deifying Christ, it would seem that the cross, in Christianity, represents the one, single and unique redemptive transection between the transcendent and immanent God; the Father’s horizontal loftiness is brought to earth by Jesus’ vertical sacrifice. On the other hand, the crescent, suggestive of cyclicity and renewal, is an apt symbol of Islam’s prophetology; seeing successive prophets as one of a chain of 124,000 guides sent by the Almighty. As one is extinguished, another is born. The Islamic prophetology is conceptually simple. Islam views all prophets as having a common aim; preaching the message of monotheism. In the Qur’an, great stress is laid upon the figure of Abraham (a.s.) He is given due respect as the great patriarch; father to the line of Isaac (a.s) and Ishmael (a.s), and as such represents an ideal, that of Islam, from which Rabbinical Judaism and Pauline Christianity departed: Abraham was not a Jew nor a Christian but he was an upright man (hanif), a Muslim, and not one of the polytheists5 Along the model set by Abraham, famously known to be the slayer of idols, a line of great prophets descended. The story of Yusuf (a.s), Abraham’s great-grandson, referred to in the Qur’an as ‘the best of narratives’,6 provides us with a glowing example of how tawhid manifests itself in a believer; Yusuf (a.s), even in times of great tribulation had firm tawakkul, absolute trust in Allah. Even in jail he did not lose sight of his mission. Indeed, when asked by his two jail-mates to interpret their dreams, he ceases the opportunity to begin preaching to them, in wonderfully eloquent prose, of God’s oneness, and their ultimate accountability before Him.7 In spite of such archetypes, the children of Israel on many occasion defied their prophets. The Qur’an gives many an example of such defiance and the resulting divine retribution. The end product was that Rabbinical Judaism became fraught with legalism, and the spirit of faith began to fade. This was to contrast with the esoteric teachings of Moses (a.s), to whom the burning bush spake.8 The Qur’an also presents Jesus (a.s) as a worthy apostle who vehemently denies claims that he is God. The very first words of the Qur’anic Jesus (a.s), uttered in the cradle to defend his mother from charges of unchastity, form both a rebuttal to Pauline Christianity and concisely capture the Islamic prophetology: Surely I am a servant of Allah; He has given me the book and made me a prophet.9 Hence, in Islam, a prophet is simply a messenger of God sent to guide his people to the right path. The practical side of prophecy is that of responsibility; a responsibility by the people to follow the prophet. Regarding the final and most honoured of the prophets, Muhammad (s.a.w) the Qur’an says: Take what the Messenger gives to you, and refrain from what he prohibits you.10 It is from this platform that we may make the relatively straightforward leap to infallibility. Many arguments, both rational and scriptural, abound regarding the infallibility of the prophets. One of the most convincing is the argument that builds upon our responsibility towards prophets, as noted, and the subsequent paradox of following an errant prophet. M.R Muzaffar elaborates upon this argument: The reason for the infallibility of a prophet is that if he commits a sin or mistake, or is forgetful or something similar, we have to chose between two alternatives: either we obey his sins and mistakes, in which case, in the view of Islam, we do wrong, or we must not obey the his sins and mistakes, which too is wrong, because this is contrary to the idea of prophethood where obedience is necessary; besides, if everything he says or does has the possibility of being either right or wrong, then it is impossible for us to follow him. The result is that the benefit of his mission is lost; it becomes unnecessary, and the prophet becomes like ordinary people whose acts and speech do not have the excellent worth that we seek, with the result that there will be no obedience and his actions will be unreliable.11 ‘Allamah Hilli (d.1325), the twelver Shi’ite theologian of the Il-Khanid period, cites another key rational, aqli, proof for infallibility. He points to the argument ad infinitum; if the guardian is not infallible, then we are left with the indefinite question of who guards the guardian?12 Having provided but a taster to the arguments in favour of infallibility, one needs clarify what exactly we take it to mean. Muslim theologians have united doctrinally in favour of prophetic infallibility, and yet differences are noticeable in both its extend and its duration. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d.1209), a Shafi’i jurist and theologian of the Ash’ari School, claims that infallibility occurs only in the domains of belief, transmission of the divine message and religious judgement. This however, appears to severely limit the extent of authority accorded to the prophet, who is the example par excellence in all domains. Though al-Razi claims that the Sunni Ash’arites had agreed upon this, it appears that al-Baqillani (d10.13), another Ash’arite theologian, believed that the ‘infallible’ may commit unintentional errors in the transmission of the message to mankind. The flaws of such a view are clear. ‘Allama Hilli, whose views remain those of orthodox twelver Shi’ism to this day, provides a watertight definition of ‘isma, infallibility. He begins by explaining that infallibility does not itself negate the prophet’s ability to commit sin;13 avoiding sin is an active choice. This is in contrast to the determininstic understanding prevalent amongst the Ash’arites. Further, he stipulates that the infallible must neither commit grave or minor sins, in any domain, either before or after his mission commences.14 He reasons that a person who becomes inerrant upon being made a prophet will not have acquired the necessary respect from his people. Only a person that has been of exemplary character throughout his life can take on such a great responsibility as that of prophethood. In sum, one may say, rather schematically, that prophetic infallibility is denied within the confines of Judaism, extended to that of a deity in Christianity, and defined downwards by orthodox Sunnism. And yet, upon reflection, it would appear that prophecy is a great burden. Indeed, the Qur’anic revelation is described as a ‘heavy word’15 that is sent down upon the Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w). It is only with impeccable character, fortitude and resilience that the prophets were able to welcome such a burden, and live up to the responsibility of guiding mankind. Such character can only be adequately captured in an understanding of infallibility that does not seek to atomise, either temporally or spatially, the lives of the prophets; inerrancy most truly encompasses all domains and periods of the life of a prophet. 1 Holy Qur’an 50:16. 2 Genesis 25-28. The Genesis account speaks of Jacob having an elder brother by the name of Esau. Isaac had intended to bless his elder son before he died, but Jacob, aided by his mother Rebekah sought to trick Isaac into giving Esau’s birthright to Jacob. 3 Holy Qur’an 13:7. 4 Holy Qur’an 21:107. 5 Holy Qur’an 3:67. 6 Holy Qur’an 12:3. 7 Holy Qur’an 12:36-42. 8 Holy Qur’an 20:9-14. 9 Holy Qur’an 20:33 10 Holy Qur’an 59:7. 11 Shomali, S.A. Shi’i Islam, ICAS (2002) (unpublished manuscript), p67. 12 ‘Allamah Hilli, al-Bab al-Hadi ‘Ashr, commentary by Miqdad ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Siyuri, Mashad (1989), p41. 13 Tusi, Nasir al Din, Kashf al Murad fi Sharh Tajrid al-I’tiqad, commentary by ‘Allamah Hilli, Beirut (1990), pp.341-342. 14 Op.cit. Al-Hilli, p124. 15 Holy Qur’an 73:5

Biological Theories of Crime Essay

What are the central assumptions of biological theories of crime? How do such theories differ from other perspectives that attempt to explain the same phenomena? Biological Theories of Crime These theories are provided by contemporary criminologist who relates the interaction between surrounding social and physical environments with biological influences and how it in turn shapes behavioral propensity and criminal activities too. Many researchers think that it can be passed down to their child to be more risk of committing the crime. The finding in the research is not as accurate as they want it to be based on the individual they conducted the test is not so accurate. There is a belief that will bring down that lower level in neurotransmitter cause a person to be anti-social towards an individual. The biological theories are based on the neurotransmitters, hormone, and central nervous system that may cause an individual to act out in an aggressive and violent way toward victims. What biological factors does this lesson suggest might substantially influence human aggression? The Human Genome Project The use of genetic knowledge developed by the HGP is likely to have momentous implications for both individuals and society. Many of the questions criminologists have raised about the role of genetics in criminal behavior may be answered by the results of research begun by the HGP. 7 In the area of crime-control policy, HGP-related information is expected to support the development of public policy options related to crime pre-vention and the treatment of offenders. Genetics and Heritability Theories The compositions of the human genes is believed to carry out an important role in relations to criminal aggression and it causation. With no explicit indentification of the gene, Crimimologist believe that the influence of social and physical environment is more like to predetermine one to become aggresive of crimimal more than genetical prediposition. Brain Dysfunction Theories Most anomalies to the human brain may trigger a criminal instinct and abnomality in behaviours. Body Chemistry Theories This theory reveals how disruptive behaviour could seldom be reconnected to inadequate nutrition in the body which affects the human body. Hormones and Criminality Theories Quite similar to the body chemistry, however the connection is identified with hormonal influences. Biosocial Criminology Theories This theory observes the interacting conncetion that exist between the social environments and biology which is paramount to perception of the human behavior

Manual Website Constructor

The search box allows finding certain web-pages by determining the search domain (search In the language version set or In all the versions). Search box Search parameters 4. Main menu The main menu consists of five points: Web-pages. Use this point for editing and removing the web-pages of the affiliate website. Add Page. In this section you can create a new web-page, fill it with certain content in the easily understandable panel (the panel enables you to add links, handle the text, upload images etc. ). You can also include the following metabolism for a new web-page: title, keywords, description. Edit Menu.In this section the structure of the website menu can be altered. It serves to add/tilted/remove the menu points. Manage Templates. This section allows managing the website templates (the part of the website page comprising side and bottom menu as well as headings). Furthermore, here you can add/remove links to/ trot the side menu on boot sides trot the text and also change Copy right Design. With the help of this section you can choose any scheme elaborated by our team and change the font. 4. 1 Web-pages For a web-page to be reflected in a certain language, it is necessary to select the language. 4. 1.Remove web-page In order to delete a web-page, please press the button. 4. 1. 2 Edit Page 4. 1. 2. 1 Edit web-page content In order to move to a page editing mode, you need to click the corresponding button. Once you did it, you will see the window of web-page editing. Editing a page is facilitated by the editing tools. Remove the content Save Page layout templates Preview Crop Paste as plain text Copy Paste Paste from Word Print Full text search Undo Redo Insert Checkbook Insert Irradiation Insert text field Insert Select Insert Image Button Insert hidden field Replace text Remove format Mark all Insert formSpell check Insert Text area Insert button Page break Insert symbol Insert SMS e Bold Italics Underline Crossed font Subscript Superscript Billeted list Increase space Decrease space Quotation marks Centered Left-justified liquefied Insert link Insert image Insert flash Insert table Insert horizontal line Show blocks Scale editing window up/down Right-justified Remove link Insert anchor Text color Fill color Numbered list Text style Text format Diva container Font Font size 4. 1. 2. Edit metadata While editing a web-page, metadata (title, keywords, description) can be input. Press the Modify button to save the changes you made. 4. 2 Add Page This window contains the abovementioned panel of editing a page, the field for entering the file name and that for choosing its language version. 4. 3 Edit Menu In this section you need to choose a language version of the menu being edited. 4. 3. 1 Add new element 1) Choose the section tot the menu which you mean to ad ad link to 2) Choose the preferred level of the link. ) Enter the name of the link (not less than 3 symbols). 4) Enter the link (Latin letters only). 5) Press the Add button to in clude the new link to the menu. 4. 3. 2 Edit/remove element In order to delete a certain element, you need to press the Remove button. For editing a menu element after all the necessary modifications were made to the corresponding fields of the element (name and link) press the Change button. 4. 4 Manage Templates The menu of the section consists of three points: 4. 4. Add Link With the help of this section you can add a link in the left or right menu of the main website template. 4. 4. 2 Delete Link In order to remove a link from the main template you need to choose the template field (left or right menu), templates in which you would like to make removal and then Reese the Show links button. After you took all the above-mentioned steps there will appear a list of links of the templates chosen. For removing a certain link, please tick the checkbook corresponding to this particular link and press the Delete links from Main Templates 4. . 3 Change Copyright Changing Copyright require s choosing template(s) from the list, entering a new one in the corresponding slot and clicking the Change Copyright button. 4. 5 Design The menu of this section comprises two points: 4. 5. 1 Edit default design In order to change the website design one of the provided templates is to be chosen ND appropriate button to be clicked. You can zoom the design patterns to have a more thorough look on them by clicking on the corresponding image.List the zoomed patterns by clicking the arrow appearing at moving the mouse pointer in the lower right/left corner of the screen. 452 Edit detail ton In this section you can change default font and its size. To do it, choose the corresponding values and click the Edit default font button. 5. FAQ 5. 1 How to place an image? In order to place an image on a web-page, you need to visit the Web-pages section, choose a preferred language and start editing the page (see Edit web-page content section). Place the mouse pointer in the area where you would li ke to insert an image.Find the Insert image option on the toolbar of web-page editing. You can either upload it or enter a link to it. In order to place an image using the link, visit the Image info section. Enter the link to the image In the URL field, you can also input the text which will be displayed in case of the image being unavailable in the Alternative Text slot. The image will be shown in the Preview field. You can also set the following image parameters: Width Height Boded – framing of he image (1 Hospice – horizontal spacing Peace – vertical spacing Align Click the k button to place an image.In order to upload an image from your computer, please visit the Upload section, press the Browse button, choose the image to be uploaded and press the Send it to the Server button. Once the image is uploaded to the server, the Image Info section will open. Press the k button. 5. 2 How to place a link? In order to place a link on a certain website page, please vi sit the Web-pages section. Choose the preferred language and pass over to editing it (see Edit page content). Place the mouse pointer in the area where you would like to place a link. Choose Insert link option on the toolbar.Choose a link type in the Link type field. URL – a link to the Internet source Link to the anchor in the text – a link within the weapon E- Mail – a link to the email Choose a link protocol in the Protocol field, enter the link in the URL slot – press the k button to place it. 5. 3 How to place an image with a link? In order to place an image with a link on a certain website page, follow the steps represented in point 5. 1 before pressing the k button. Visit the Link section and enter the link to the URL field; you can choose the method of opening the link in the Target field.

Over-education in the graduate labour market (Researched Literature Essay

Over-education in the graduate labour market (Researched Literature Review) - Essay Example The universities and the government have thus a responsibility to institute policies to reduce the rising incidence of over-education and its effects. Higher education in the UK has expanded in the last three decades and the trend continues. Policy makers justify this expansion on two rationales. First, it is important to meet the high-skill labour requirements of a knowledge economy and second, to add opportunities in education and, consequently, employment for groups that have been under-represented in higher education in the past (Wilton, 2011). Although this expansion is beneficial in many aspects, there have been no adequate attempts to ascertain the capacity of the economy to absorb the increasing numbers of graduates from the various fields of education, hence resulting into a phenomenon where the demand for labour is unable to keep pace with the supply. Ultimately, some graduates end up getting employment in jobs that do not match their educational qualification. Such workers are overeducated in the labour market (Dolton and Silles, 2008). There is a broad body of evidence for the existence of over-education in the UK grad uate labour market and its incidental effects. Some years back, the discrepancy between graduate and non-graduate level jobs was very conspicuous in the UK. University graduates, usually, entered into traditional graduate careers such as medicine and Law or got recruited onto graduate management training programs with prestigious firms. However, in the recent past the graduate market has become more complex especially because of advancements such as rising global competition and development in technology, which demand that the workforce should be more skilled to fit in the current job market. Thus, jobs that in the past did not require a degree now demand a degree, resulting to expansion of higher education as more people enroll to acquire degrees hence bringing about competition

Marketing Mauritius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Marketing Mauritius - Essay Example al visitor arrivals throughout the world stood at 860 million, which stands to be more, then the total population of Europe and the US taken together. The businessmen, governments, financial experts and economists do testify to the immense potential of the tourism industry in uplifting the quality of life in the developing nations. It is a hassle free way of transporting the resources and foreign exchange from the developed world to the developing world. Mauritius is a volcanic island surrounded by coral reefs that lies in the Indian Ocean, about 800 Km to the east of Madagascar. Various favourable factors like the usage of English and French as the local languages, a stable democratic political system, an impressively high rate of literacy and an abundance of the natural beauty make Mauritius an ideal tourist destination. This dissertation delves into the international, commercial and economic dimensions of the tourism in Mauritius so as to have an insight into the advantages that Mauritius commands as a preferred tourist destination and to suggest positive strategies for marketing Mauritius amongst the international tourist community. Though tourism as an industry has distinct psychological, international, political and economic dimensions, it will be pragmatic to analyse the case of Mauritius as a tourist destination from an economic vantage. This approach becomes more expedient, considering the ongoing economic meltdown and the difficulties being faced by the developing nations like Mauritius in marketing themselves as tourist destinations. Thus the role of tourism in the Mauritius’ economy needs to be looked in, in a broader perspective. Hence, it will be utterly imperative to correlate the relevance and significance of tourism in Mauritius with the conclusions of The Manila Deceleration on World Tourism, finalized at the World Tourism Conference held at Manila in September 1980, which witnessed the participation of the delegates of more then 107

Critically analyse the arguments for and against the codification of Essay

Critically analyse the arguments for and against the codification of Scottish criminal law - Essay Example The commission did not articulate its own view on the appeal of using the draft as the foundation for passing a Scottish criminal code by articulated the belief that an extensive public discussion on the issues emerging from the draft code would be essential. Consequently, it provoked comments on December 15, 2003. The draft code was aimed at substituting the common law crimes, in addition to several constitutional offences, in the same sector with those crimes. It did not try to substitute decrees like the Acts on road traffic or drug-related crimes or on health and safety at workplaces, or gaming which are already controlling certain issues in an inclusive manner (Chan et al., 2009). The authors were not opposed to involving such matters ultimately by any means. This is because a better code is one that is highly inclusive. Not only did it appear less essential to involve crimes already in mind-codes, but also numerous issues of this kind are preserved issues under the Scotland Act 1998. Hence, the draft code was incomplete code. Because of this reason, many people argued for and against this code citing many succinct reasons as to why they took their position. While the codification of Scottish criminal law was aimed at improving current laws, it had shortfalls which if not amended, will have adverse effects on the Scottish people. The codification of Scottish criminal law had both advantages and disadvantages. For instance, the codification of Scottish criminal law would avoid the need for recurrence and stop certain kinds of gap in new legislation. Nevertheless, it did not appear to be a lucid case for substituting the current criminal law with a code (MacQueen et al., 2003). Courts will be required by the introduction of a code to stick to the letter of the code even where it create outcomes that are unjust on, not in accordance with sound principle. It might not be sure on how far it would be helpful to refer to institutional authors and preceding decisi ons. The codification of Scottish criminal law could have involved a variety of constitutional crimes encountered frequently in legal practice. According to Reid & Zimmermann (2000), it was difficult for the Sheriffs Principal to reach a view on whether the codification of the criminal law was in principle a project to be pursued by the Scottish Law Commission. They realized that illustrious judges in England had called for codification of the criminal law and called for a fully informed discussion on the matter in the Scotland. Scottish Law Commission is supposed to think to supplement the draft with a debate paper in a conservative style analyzing the misbehavior to be tackled, the section of the current law believed to be substandard and the different alternatives for reform. They were especially anxious to discover what had been the experience of judges and practitioners in other ordinary law authorities where the criminal law had been codified. Smith (1962) asserts that even th ough the codification of Scottish criminal law was approved initially at the abstract, it is now considered that when human rights needs had a helpful impact on the ordinary law; it was not time to codify the Scottish Criminal Law. This is because a code is supposed to codify the entire law including constitutional crimes. In the code, offence-creating conditions should be framed in a exceedingly

Describing one of the framers of the Constitution Essay

Describing one of the framers of the Constitution - Essay Example George Washington belonged to Virginia and was a soldier in the very beginning. He played an active role in the revolutionary war of America when he served as the Commander in Chief. He was of the belief that his people wanted a separate state which would not have any interference from the British authorities. He realized this when he left army and started farming in the mid 60s. After he came back he had the vision of a new state created for his people and he played a great role in pushing out the British soldiers from the territory of United States. He led a great campaign for the revival of important cities such as Newyork with the help of the army he had organized. It is believed that Washington had to suffer losses at many battlers after finally getting victorious because of the help received from the forces of France. It was in 1783 that the United States of America got independence because of the achievement of George Washington in the American Revolution. It was because of th e important role of George Washington that America was able to receive independence. Recognizing the sacrifices and struggle of George Washington he was also pronounced the first President of America in 1792 by the Congress. It was because of his prestige that all the states of the United States of America followed the new Constitution without any opposition. The struggle of Washington is still remembered and praised all over the

Human Evolution Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Evolution - Article Example In this case, relating human evaluation with how humans connect to animals is a new idea altogether. This is because in most cases and with most scientists, human evolution is generally considered as a physical change. The author believes that most developments in the evolution of human beings are contributed by the care shown by humans towards other animals. For example, about 2.6 million years ago, when hunting was the main activity among humans, after hunters were attacked by tigers and lions, they developed weapons and advanced tools for defense. Connecting with other animals compel humans to learn more about them, as well as, having a better understanding of one self. This is because, caring for other animals humans is an ecological transition that no other living thing has made. In addition, by doing these, humans are in a position to learn what other living things do, where they are, their way of communication, as well as, the way they move. There are a number of development o bserved as a result of human connection with animals. The first one is development of symbols and language. The author indicates that human beings developed symbols to alert or warn their fellow humans upon a threat by either predators or dangerous animals. The second one is domestication of animals. Roughly 40,000 years ago, human being started rearing animals not only to get food but also with the motive of getting other resources such as clothing and security, therefore, these prompted them start selectively breed certain animals with specific traits. Lastly, evolution in the means of transport where animals are used as an aid in transporting goods. For example, in the arid areas hardly animals such as camels were used in transporting cargo across the deserts. From the article it is clear that the connection of human to animals has led to human evolution. However, the article does not illustrate how human connection to animals influence physical change. Also not all people like o r are close to animals as such. Therefore, how did such people evolve? The second article is driven by the desire to find out the truth claims advanced by some scholars that human beings are still evolving. This article provides an analysis of the research done by a leading scientist Stephen Stearn who believe that human beings are still evolving. This article ascertains that human beings are evolving gradually and over the years an average human being will be 2cm shorter and 1kg heavier. The study was carried out in great caution to eliminate the chances of cultural and social influences. The study also suggests that natural selection in today’s environment is not based on survival but on the fertility levels of women. It asserts that women with high fertility levels are likely to pass on certain traits on to their children and grandchildren. In addition, the physical characteristics of mothers had a direct correlation with the number of children that she gave birth to. The other thing that has emerged from the article is that evolution is a gradual process that is difficult to notice. The author asserts that cultural factors tend to play a larger role in influencing evolution of human beings than natural selection. This makes persons to neglect the idea of evolution, Genetic evidence also proves this assertion by indicating that about 1800 variant genes have spread faster due to their modern day evolution benefits. In addition, it was realized that mutations

How China and Japan reacted to the war on terror Essay

How China and Japan reacted to the war on terror - Essay Example The attack in US surprised the entire planet while simultaneously triggering some paradigm shifts throughout the globe, but the latest shift has not resulted in a situation that can be equated to that of the cold war period when the US paradigm was the model that was used by other nations (Seidler, 2013, p. 72). Tokyo’s population has been wondering whether a prolonged war on terrorism might obligate the prime minister to utilize his political capital to take part in the coalition to fight terrorism, thus leaving limited resources to address the nation’s economic issues. Recently, scholars at a seminar considered newer roles for four nations: the US, Japan, Russia and China, with all of them contributing through military and politically towards the war on terror (Borgu, 2004, p. 52). It is likely that the degree of meaningful cooperation between the nations in this strategic alliance will escalate out of necessity. The importance of China will increase and as a member o f the WTO and the UN Security Council as well as a GDP of 7 percent annually and experience in dealing with terrorism, China will most definitely be a strong partner. Additionally, the close relationships that China has with Pakistan will assist in keeping the Islamic nation in the coalition that is led by the US. The economy of China will benefit from the accession to WTO as resources will be allocated in a more efficient manner moving into the labor-intensive industries of China.

Bureaucracy Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Bureaucracy Policy - Essay Example ilization of anti-bureaucratic sentiments and the claim that it is time to say good-bye to bureaucracies and bureaucrats just another round in a perennial debate and ideological struggle over what desirable forms of administration and government are--that is, a contest for control of the size, agenda, organization, competences, moral foundations, staffing, resources, and outcomes of the public sector? If so, how helpful is the literature on "bureaucracy" in analyzing current administrative challenges, compared to the diagnoses and prescriptions presented by reformers over the last twenty-five years? The paper acknowledges that there have been important changes in public administration and, even more so, in the way administration is portrayed. Yet it questions the fashionable ideas that bureaucratic organization is obsolescent and that there has been a paradigmatic shift from (Weberian) bureaucracy to market organization or network organization. (1) In contrast to decades of bureaucracy bashing, the paper argues that contemporary democracies are involved in a struggle over institutional identities and institutional balances. It also argues that for those interested in how contemporary public administration is organized, functions, and changes, it is worthwhile to reconsider and rediscover bureaucracy as an administrative form, an analytical concept, and a set of ideas and observations about public administration and formally organized institutions. The argument is developed in the following way: First, some characteristics of bureaucratic organization are outlined. Second, claims about the undesirability of bureaucracy are discussed in relation to competing criteria of success/failure and assumptions about the performance of bureaucratic organization. Third, aspects of administrative dynamics and the viability of bureaucratic organization are inquired, and fourth, some reasons for rediscovering bureaucracy are recapitulated. "Bureaucracy" is often used as a

Appropriate Behavior Expectations Case Study Essay Example for Free

Appropriate Behavior Expectations Case Study Essay As Christian home base daycare educators for underprivileged children ages 6 weeks to age four, it is important that we understand how each child’s development translates into our behavioral expectation in the classroom. As a Christian home base daycare center there are many things we are able to offer that a school setting does not allow; such as prayer; every morning we start the day off with prayer. Because children are so energetic after breakfast comes Zumba followed with chillax which consist of planking one minute on our mats. We then go over our rules and if’s (what happens if the rules are not followed), making sure that every child fully understand what each expectation means â€Å"Teaching rules and procedures to students at the beginning of the year and enforcing them consistently across time increases student academic achievement and task engagement† (Evertson, 1985; 1989; Evertson Emmer, 1982; Johnson, Stoner, Green, 1996). We also remind our children as well as the educator of the (ME center) which are used when someone feels the need to be alone, no-one can speak, look or talk to that person while they are in the â€Å"me center†. There is also a â€Å"TALK TO ME† center when a child has the need to be around an adult that will just listen; this center is set up with a two lounge chair one for the child and one for the educator. Last but not least, we have a reward system; each child receives a shiny star for good days and at the end of the week they get a small prize if they get stars for the whole month the get to go to the dollar store and pick out any toy they want. We have created ways to involve and communicate with the parents as well as the children by being family oriented; once a week usually on Fridays everyone comes together (parents, child and educators) bringing a dish from home and have dinner and game night. We also take that time out to talk about everyone’s progress, needs and concerns. Although I would love to provide this for everyone in the community at this time it is finically impossible there for the space is limited to twelve children. There are things that are not tolerated as well  as bulling or endangerment to another child, a child that shows this type of aggression is removed from the program and the parent is given suggestions that might better provide for that child. Our expectation begins with Behavior: Respect – treat others the way you would like to be treated. Communication – (Use Your Words) talk out your problems and/or concerns. If you are unable to do this ask a educatorfor help. Consistency- there is a time and place for everything, when we work; quietly go into your groups, during play make sure you are in the center with your picture and your timer has been set, use inside voice when inside raise our hand when we’re in groups Fun – having fun is a must These are the rules given in the beginning of the school year. However, together educators and students and make up rules together of what is expected with our behavior. (Some examples of our student rules) * Keep your hands to yourself and your feet on the ground. * No talking when others are talking * The person talking must be holding the talking bug * Be quiet during story time * The timer in centers * Always say please and thank you * Our children know that there are consequences of misbehavior, which are applying consistently and equitable; if rules are not followed we do timeout, according to age and each child understand these consequences. However, a child always is given a chance to tell their side of the story and if they have to be placed in timeout, they must be given an explanation of why they are being put into timeout with a suggestion that will help them avoid it the next time. As educators we have agreed to have at least one educator greet child and parent at door with a smile, making sure to ask the simple question â€Å"how u doin?† (Wendy Williams show† We start our class the same way and they respond the same way. Instead of telling a child â€Å"Stop†, â€Å"No†, or â€Å"Cut it out†. We use the all Eyes on me, pencils down, we get your key out of our pocket to lock the door on out mouth and then place the key  on our desk. Educators are not allowed to use cell phones, must use home base phones, and although children have nap time educators are never allowed to nap. As a group we gather advice, support, and encouragement. When it comes to academic expectations we find it beneficial in many cases to work in small groups. However, I do not necessarily work in groups according to age; when it comes to learning I tend to divide the children up according to their learning style. For example: * If a child understanding concepts better when seeing things written on the board, or if they watch me intently when I am speaking, good at remembering faces and places or can give detail input about a movie or a television show I will place them in a group I call â€Å"Visual Learner†. This child(ren) is more likely to benefit for visual aids such as flash cards, memory games, drawing, computer programs, videos and so forth. * If a child is known for talking out loud or repeating what is said when processing new concepts, reads out loud to themselves, ask a lot of questions to get understanding or ask a lot of question when doing assignments, or shows more understanding when facts or questions are being asked to them rather than them reading it themselves, will be placed in a group I call â€Å"Auditory Learners†. This group of child may benefit in a more composed and smaller setting, groups within groups, study buddies, much of their work will be taught one on one, or with tape recorders. * If a child become antsy after sitting still for too long, constantly moving, prefers to stand rather than sit, easily lose focus, and fidget when it comes to doing school work that group is call â€Å"Kinesthetic Learner†. This group of children takes frequent breaks, is given stress balls when studying written assignments and is given more hands on learning activities. (This is the group that Ron would most likely be until I am able to pinpoint his reason(s) for losing focus.) Also, recognize that sometimes children just feel the need to move around at times during the lesson, so we make the space available. However, a child’s personality is another key factor adjustments have to be made such as the organized, self-motivated child who wills more likely approach learning differently than those who is more spontaneous and less methodical. Once a child’s learning style(s) has been  recognized our educators are better equipped to help that child to adapt to the environment; which will hopefully help them learn more effectively and succeed within the class. â€Å"Critically analyze Ron’s challenging behaviors to determine contributing factors (as presented in Level A Case 1)† (Ashford 3: Week 2 Assignment) I would first take Ron aside and explain the rules and what is expected of him, I would than allow him to return to the group as we go other the rules together. Observe, Ron for at least a week to find out if his behavior is due to lack of communication in which case during play we (he and I) would act out different scenarios and find the proper solutions, if it is environmental, we would make every effort to produce comfort, trust, and security to his new surroundings, and if it is a need of attention, I would remind him of our Talk To Me center which is available at all times. If it is medical, I would advise the parents that my daycare is not programmed with the necessities needed to accommodate their child but would be willing to do everything possible to find the proper fitting place for them. As time goes by we will continue to work with Ron implementing our way of doing things a little at a time, so that he will not be overwhelmed by his new surroundings until he is comfortable and aware of all of our expectations. References: Kaiser, B. Sklar Rasminsky, J. (2012). Challenging behavior in young children. (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc. Robert a. Baron and Michael J. Kaisher (2009) Introduction to Psychology (2nd ed.) Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc

Child Labour Essay Example for Free

Child Labour Essay The two articles â€Å"A Dollar a day† written by Angus McDonald and â€Å"Workers, Not Slaves† by Jenny Price both aim at those who are either interested in the treatment of child laborers or are a part of a business who’s operations involve the use of child laboring. McDonald voices his arguments with disgust, anger and outrage contending that thousands of child laborer’s, some as young as eight are being exploited into working long hours, in some of the world’s worst conditions for as little as a dollar a day. Price, however in response to this Jenny Price states that the images and articles published about such labor is very misleading and purposely uses emotional and provocative language to persuade readers to believe it all is horrible, however in actual fact is a very well earning and lifesaving employment opportunity for these kids. Starting with his(McDonald) article, â€Å"A Dollar a Day† published on the 29th of July, 2009 immediately grabs readers attention with the implementation of a pun, coupled with negative connotations in his sub title, â€Å"Sweatshop kids pay a hefty price for glamour garments† this use of the pun â€Å"hefty price† in context suggests that these kids are not only creating these expensive attires but the damage it does to their young bodies is a large price they pay for the small amount of income earned, the play on words helps to attract reader’s attention, therefor getting readers to instantly notice the author’s viewpoint. Secondly the words â€Å"sweatshop† and â€Å"kids† used together strongly advocates negativity in the audience and their opinions towards them, thinking of children in sweatshops would cause most people to react against it and making reader’s side with the author. Following this, the author employs an anecdote in combination with emotive language of a young Indian boy who is one of many in what is now a thriving industry of sweatshops,† 10-year-old Manu focuses with tired eyes on the task at hand†¦ He will do this for 12 hours today, as will the dozen or so other boys sharing the cramped, blazingly hot workshop.† This story provides a personal and human dimension the article that gives the audience something to relate to, feel more involved and create interest and a sense of sorrow and self – blame for this young boy, feeling as though they should do something to stop such things. The emotive language added, constructs an image in readers minds of a small, unhygienic, uncomfortable and unbearable way of working, for shocking hours for kids these age and affect them to react emotionally, in support of the writers standpoint.

Effects of Bullying and Strategies for Bullying Prevention

Effects of Bullying and Strategies for Bullying Prevention Learning outcome 5 (5.1) Different types of bullying Bullying can have a wide range of negative effects on a child. It can happen at any age, any time and in many forms, not only face to face but also via mobile phones and online. The table below shows the different types of bullying and the effects. Reference/bibliography www.bullying.co.uk (5.2) Effects of bullying on children and young people The different types of bullying that have been identified in the table (physical, emotional, verbal, non-verbal, racial, and sexual and cyber) can have a wide range of effects on children and young people, which include the following. Changes in eating habits (reluctance to eat or binge eating) Reluctance to go to school (making up excuses that are made up such as stomach aches and feeling ill and playing truancy) Withdrawn behaviour and reluctance to communicate Seem upset and distressed Their belongings stolen or damaged whilst at school (ripped school uniform or bag or broken equipment) Physical injuries (may not always be visible e.g. hair pulling etc) Might have trouble sleeping Afraid to be on their own or spends too much time alone The effects of bullying can last a lifetime and have the flowing effects. Self harming (cutting wrists, scratching, hair loss, etc) Suicide Abuse alcohol and other drugs in adolescence and as adults Getting into fights, vandalizing property, and dropping out of school Getting into gangs/ gang fights Socialising with wrong members of the public (drug dealers) Engage in early sexual activity (for females become pregnant at a young age) Have criminal convictions Being abusive towards their partners, spouses or children as adults Children who witness bullying are more likely to do the following. Have increased use of drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs Have increased mental health problems, including depression and anxiety Miss or skip school which effects their education Responding to evidence of bullying Clear policies and procedures should be followed in the school setting when an allegation has been made or evidence of bullying has been seen. Each school setting will have a anti-bullying and behaviour policy in place outlining what constitutes bullying and the standard of behaviour that is expected in the school. Anti bullying policy The anti bullying policy will set out a definition of what constitutes bullying and the different types of bullying that can be experienced. I will include the following. Unacceptable behaviour and definitions of this The responsibilities that the school holds for ensuring that action is taken if allegations are made or bullying is suspected Responsibilities of staff and governors Pupils have the right to learn free from intimidation and fear The needs of the victim are paramount School’s will not tolerate bullying behaviour Bullied pupils will be listened to Reported incidents would be taken seriously and thoroughly investigated Behaviour policy The behaviour policy will usually set out the rule and responsibilities of children and teachers within the school setting and the types of behaviour that are not acceptable. It will show the consequences of non-compliance and the procedures that will be followed if unacceptable behaviour takes place. Policies and procedures should come into force to ensure that bullying is stopped, and to make sure it does not happen again. The victim should have a meeting with the teacher to put together strategies in case the situation occurs again Point out that the behaviour that has occurred is unacceptable, and provide information how they are going to be monitored Meeting with staff and other children who have witnessed the bullying should take place to obtain additional evidence Consider if external agencies should get involved Make use of curriculum to restore self esteem in the victim and to discuss bullying and unacceptable behaviour Behaviour policy for schools would include the following. To create a consistent environment that expects, encourages and recognises good behaviour and one in which everyone feels happy and safe To help pupils develop self respect, self control and accountability for their own behaviour To encourage the partnership between home and school Staff responsibilities To role model good behaviour and positive relationships To emphasise the importance of values and being valued To provide an effective learning and teaching environment To encourage positive relationships based on kindness, empathy and respect To ensure fair treatment for all regardless of ability, age, sex, or race Show appreciation of the efforts and contributions of everyone Children should learn to expect recognition for positive behaviour and fair and consistency applied consequences for inappropriate behaviour. Recognition and praise should be given where ever possible for both work and behaviour. These recognitions and praise could be the following. Stickers for good behaviour (warn by the child) Positive recognition to parents for good behaviour House points awarded Good behaviour notes sent home by parents Certificates (presented in assembly) All these policies and procedures are in place to ensure the school’s expectations and standards are met. All school’s have policies and procedures in place to support staff and children from situations such as bullying to provide a safe and secure environment for the children to learn and be happy in. children should have the right to learn in a safe, secure and anti-bullying environment and these policies help children from doing that. Behaviour policies also help in the school setting by encouraging children and staff to behave how they should and be treated how they would like to be treated I appositive way. Reference/bibliography www.stopbulkying.gov.uk (5.3) Supporting a child when bullying is suspected or alleged Within a school setting there are policies and procedures in place for the correct procedure to be followed if a child is being bullied or if bullying is suspected. As a support assistant it is very important that they are approachable so that children feel able to confide any instances of bullying. Some children who are being bullied would find it difficult and would be scared to share their feelings and to report the bullying. It is important to reassure the children that they have done the right thing in reporting the bullying, and that they will be 100% supported now that the bullying has been disclosed. Parents should be made aware of the school behaviour and anti-bullying policies to inform them of their child’s rights and the ways that the school can support them. When dealing with a child who is being bullied they can be upset but may not show their feelings. It is very important to take the problem seriously. The child has to be listened to and re-assured that they are doing the right thing by sharing their worries and feelings. For parents the signs to look out for if a child is being bullied are. Coming home with damaged or missing clothes, without money they should have, or with scratches or bruises they shouldn’t have Having trouble with homework for no apparent reason Using a different route between home and school Feeling irritable, easily upset or particularly emotional What can you do if you suspect a child is being bullied? Reference/bibliography www.nhs.uk www.bullying.co.uk

Essay --

The Law and Communist Manifesto In the 1800’s, the social structure of Europe was changing. The industrial revolution brought new technologies and techniques that lead to more production, and a more prosperous European society. With these great changes to society and the way things were produced, changes in the government and how the society was run was imminent. Both The Law by Frederic Bastiat and Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx present new and fresh ideas on how society should be governed, Bastiat going into the concepts of liberalism and Marx the concepts of communism, both of which are oriented to the individual rights of people in these European societies. Both Bastiat and Marx believe that every person has individual rights and that every person should have an equal opportunity to lead a successful life. They believe that people should have the right to lead whatever life they chose to. Class structure and how individuals are placed into these classes is the biggest concept that Marx speaks about in Communist Manifesto. Marx believes that there should not be different social classes of people. During his time, there were two main classes of people; the bourgeois and the proletariat. The bourgeois were the modern Capitalist’s, who owned means of production and would employ wage-workers to operate these machines, generating huge profits for themselves. The proletariats were the wage-workers, who could not afford their own means of production, therefore relied on the bourgeois for work and income. The bourgeois had all the power in society. Marx believed that centralizing the means of production would take away the social power that the bourgeois had over the proletariats. He believed in the abolition of private property ... ...ety. Both authors believe that all people should have an equal chance to pursue the life that they want to lead. They believe that society should not be run by the wealthy. Marx argues against social classes, the sense of nationality and the idea that private property lead to social power and the bourgeois dominance in society. They had all the control. Bastiat believed that all people had a God given right to defend themselves, their property, and their liberties. He believed that law was necessary, but that it should be fair and consistent to all of the individuals in a society, no matter their economic stature. He argued that law was changing, and that it was actually going against what it was designed to uphold in the first place. These two authors presented ideas of government that at the time were unheard of, but are still very present across the globe today.

Post-Cold War Period Causes of Conflict Essay -- Papers USA Conflict H

Post-Cold War Period Causes of Conflict The end of the Cold War meant that the ideological conflict of dominance between East (Soviet Union and Eastern Europe) and West (USA and Western Europe) was over. Contrary to the expectations that world would be much safer in the post-Cold War, United States and Soviet Union were faced with new security issues that they did not know how to deal with. The objective of this essay is to show that with all these changes that occurred with the end of the Cold War, causes of the conflict indeed altered from the classic ones. First the end of the Cold War and the changes in the world order that followed will be outlined. Secondly, the increase in wars within states and the question of whether today's conflicts are, in fact, new, will be discussed. Finally this essay will argue that there is a new type of threat: worldwide terrorism, and it will look at what measures are being taken to tackle this problem. The end of bipolarism The democratic countries (USA and Western Europe), enjoyed 50 years of peace and economic development, because of the measures they took after the World War II, not to repeat the same mistakes that initiated the previous wars. They developed a democratic-political culture, which emphasised respect for human rights, rule of law, civil society, and independent media. However, apart from 1953, 1956 and 1968, the eastern bloc enjoyed peace and relative stability as well. The military power of both the super powers made US and Soviet leaders very reluctant to start a war. This was clearly illustrated by the Cuban missile crisis in 1962. The end of the Cold War end... ... Soon Miss The Cold War (August) http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/foreign/mearsh.htm Muldoon, J. (1999) The Challenges of Multilateral Diplomacy in 1999, United Nations Association of USA, (February), http://www.iwa.org/Publications/Lectures/muldoon.html Pfetsch, F.R & Ch. Rohloff, Ch. (2001) Global Change, Conflicts and Conflict Research 'New Data On Armed Conflict' at the 42nd Annual ISA Convention, Chicago, IL 20-24 (February) http://www.uni-duisburg.de/Institute/INEF/Intra/debate_Rohloff_Pfetsch.htm Sens, A G. (2000) Canada on the Security Council :International Security in the 21 Century: Challenges facing UN, http://www.unac.org/en/link_learn/canada/security/21_century.asp. Snow, D. (1991) The Shape of the Future, The Post-Cold War World; M.E.Sharpe, Armonk, New York and London.

The New Addiction :: essays research papers

The New Addiction Ten years ago 330,000 Americans underwent plastic surgery. This year that number has increased to over 6 million, of which 335,000 are under the age of 18 (So you want a famous face). The increase in numbers of plastic surgeries could be attributed and/or directly proportionate to the increase in extreme makeover shows. According to Charles Cooley, â€Å"a person’s sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.† We will use Charles Cooly’s looking-glass-self theory to argue that mass media has created a social mirror for millions of women, the consequence of which is a â€Å"cosmetic surgery addiction†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cooly’s looking-glass-self is defined as â€Å"a self-concept based on our perception of others judgments of us† (Sociology pg 97). In the year 2000 more than 6.3 million women chose to have cosmetic plastic surgery, which could be a direct result from people watching TV programs such as â€Å"Extreme Makeover†, â€Å"Swan†, and â€Å"Nip/Tuck† (â€Å"Less is Really More† Paul Lorenc.. Newsweek). These kinds of shows, combined with the seemingly flawless beauty of Hollywood stars, forms the social mirror by which society judges itself. Under these circumstances certain people begin to see themselves as wanting and not good enough. The answer to their feelings of unattractiveness is fulfilled by plastic surgery more often than not, and when their problem is not fixed by one surgery another is done until an addiction begins to form. In the year 2003, 4.3 million patients undergoing plastic surgery were returning patients (pl asticsurgery.org).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We feel Cooly’s theory of the looking-glass-self illustrates why society is addicted to plastic surgery, and why this addiction is due to the media. We believe that the media project images of people that are unrealistic and these images are what we feel we should look like.

I Didnt Do It

Case Study 1. What are the challenges facing L’Oreal management? 2. Make a list of all the functionalities of [email  protected] described in the video. What kind of a knowledge management system is [email  protected]? 3. Why did L’Oreal say it chose the SharePoint platform? 4. What do you think are the ultimate benefits of [email  protected] for L’Oreal? 5. What might be some limitations of SharePoint in this application? 1. L’Oreal is a large-sized and international enterprise with many branches all over the world, making it difficult to communicate immediately with other employees around the world as well as share information.It is important to have good mutual communication between each department. In order to overcome the obstacles of being in different places, they need a secure and instant knowledge management system such as [email  protected] 2. It is a powerful information system with various functions such as search engine and discussion forums which allows people to have control over information according to their needs and organizational roles to make management more efficient. 3. Share point helps people reach the information easy and quick. It also makes searching information within a huge database efficient.Moreover, the system can combine with Microsoft Word, Excel, and Power Point. It can also be modified via email. It is a user-friendly system. 4. I think that the ultimate benefits of [email  protected] for L’Oreal are increasing the efficiency of information delivery, providing a safe platform to manage the database, and improving the searching tool. 5. Some software developers indicated SharePoint is too complex to be developed. In addition, its structure is different from other web based applications. Week Six Case Study – Case 1: L’Oreal Knowledge Management Using Microsoft SharePoint 1.What are the challenges facing L’Oreal management? L’Oreal, founded in 1907, is wo rld’s largest cosmetic and beauty company selling globally more than 500 brands. L’Oreal has five worldwide research and development centers spread over France, United States, Japan and China. To link everyone of them on the same platform of information is a difficult task. The intranet for this division must support thousands of researchers working in France, the United States, Japan and China. The intranet is required to support professional applications as well as databases on subjects including biology, patents, hair color and laboratory security.In such a vast network its difficult for teams to communicate. Team members lose interest in commercial activity when they consume more energy in communication. To overcome these hurdles and to manage its largest internet initiative L’Oreal chose SharePoint Portal Server. 2. Make a list of all the functionalities of [email  protected] described in the video. What kind of knowledge management system is [email  pr otected]? * Microsoft SharePoint products and technologies include browser based collaboration and a document management platform.These can be used to host web sites that access shared work spaces and documents, as well as specialized applications like wikis and blogs from a browser. * Users are allowed to manipulate proprietary controls or pieces of content called web parts to creat or modify sites. * The MS SharePoint is a premier collaboration server and a powerful platform that allows to work several persons on same set of documents together. * It is targeted as a colaberated work space and a tool for management and automation of business processes. In short this is a collabration of processes and people.

Cemetery billing and mapping system Essay

1.0 INTRODUCTION Technology has grown over the years and has made the life of mankind much easier. Technology is all around us and shows no sign of disappearing. It helps enhance the quality of life and business by doing many of our everyday tasks, which leaves more time to spend on more demanding and tedious matters. Computers are a great aid for businesses in terms of making a system from different aspects faster, proficient, and reliable. Computerized systems can generate reports and records in a fraction of the time compared to manual methods. Today, many of the world’s successful companies use computers for record keeping and report generations. Only a few have yet to adapt to the idea of computerized systems and continue to use a manual method of writing and recording in logbooks. Paraiso Memorial Park, Inc. is a privately owned cemetery located in Ampid II San Mateo, Rizal. Their main office is located at Door No. 12 Marietta Arcade MR Center, Marcos Highway, San Roque Marikina City. The cemetery first opened in November, 1973, by Mr. Romeo M. Liamzon. It is currently being led by their president Marietta Liamzon, the wife of the late Mr. Romero M. Liamzon. Paraiso Memorial Park, Inc. offers memorial services and lots for the deceased. Having a computerized Billing and Tracking system will help provide a proficient way to record, organize, and store data, regarding the client’s information. The system will help lessen the time and workload of the companies’ employees by giving faster, organized, accurate, and reliable information and records. 1.1 Background of the Problem In today’s modern age, computer has become a way of life; it is very evident that a majority of the country’s businesses still have not yet adapted to high technology. Particularly in most independent companies, daily transactions are still done on paper or old computer practices. We all know that modern offices are now operating at great pace striving to serve as many clients as possible with the best of their abilities. Although, as the years roll by, the number of clients and customers have grown and various record cases arise from these manual methods of managing clients’ records. Paraiso Memorial Parks, Inc. is a private cemetery located at San Mateo, Rizal. It was formerly founded by Mr. Romeo M. Liamzon, the late husband of President Marietta Liamzon, on November 1973. It currently has more than 20,000 customers and still continues to increase. It has (28)twenty-eight hectares of lot which are classified into five different types of memorial lot (1) lawn lot, (2) court, (3)presidential, (4) family estate, and (5)apartments (see attachment D-all. ), and are classified into 3 kinds of lots which is (a)Regular lot (b)Special (c)Premium Special. Paraiso Memorial Park, Inc. has surely grown over the years and along with it, its customers; the increasing numbers has been neglected over the years and therefore some of the processes of Paraiso Memorial Park, Inc. are in need of modification or update. Paraiso Memorial Park, Inc. is currently using a manual method of Billing and Tracking system. This manual method is prone to human errors and requires a considerable amount of time and effort. When computing the payments of a customer, wrong input into a ledger due to human errors can result in creation of a new entry, which consumes valuable time and effort. This leads to the delay of posting on the payments of a customer. There have also been cases where a page or the whole ledger is lost, damaged, or misplaced. It can be troublesome in finding the misplaced page or reproducing a damaged page. The filing of records is also a manual method of writing down information and then storing them into file cabinets. Records can be lost or misplaced from not being properly inserted into the file cabinets. If a request is made to view the record of a specific client, the employee must search through each folder of the file cabinet, which is very time consuming. Records and data lack security. Customer information is at risk to unauthorized viewing. Since there is no lock on the ledgers or file cabinets, anyone can gain access and view records or customer information. Once a customer has been issued a customer booklet, there have been cases where in a customer will forget to bring their customer booklet when giving a payment of installment. The employee will have a hard time finding the account of the customer since the contract number is unknown. They will search manually through each ledger, name by name. This becomes a problem since their ledgers are not organized in alphabetical order. In tracking a specific grave for customers, relatives, or visitors who do not know or remember the address of the lot, Paraiso Memorial Park, Inc. will search through several blotters for the name or address of the requested lot. The blotters are not arranged in alphabetical order, so the employee must search thoroughly name by name. The tallying of the available lots in Paraiso Memorial Park can be strenuous with the large number of overall lots in Paraiso. In order to find out how many lots are still available for sale, employees must compile the information gathered from numerous blotters. 1.2 Overview of the Current State of the Technology Paraiso Memorial Park, Inc. has valid agents that are authorized to assist old customers and especially new clients that are willing to buy. There are 20 transactions averaging per day and Paraiso Memorial Park, Inc. has 20,000 customers (already fully paid) to serve. There are two ways to inquire a lot in Paraiso Memorial Park Inc.; these are the following; Inquiring to avail a lot in Paraiso Memorial Park First customers inquire through an agent in the park which is called â€Å"The Officer of the Day†. This agent usually holds a Plan of the Park, Pricelist of the kind’s lots in Paraiso Memorial Park, Sales Application Form, Individual Application for Creditor and Contract to Sell. Customers may then ask about the price of the lot, kinds and classification of lot, terms and condition of payments, and how the customer will pay (cash or check) and where. The Agent will occasionally accompany their client throughout the park if requested; if the customer is willing and agrees to buy the lot, the agent checks the lot plan if the requested lot is available or not, then double checking it by calling the main office located in San Roque, Marikina City. If the availability of the lot requested is confirmed available, the agent will then present the Sales Application Form and Customer Data Sheet, Application Form for Individual Application for Creditor, and Contract to Sell to be filled up by the customer. The said forms stipulate the policy of the company regarding lot utilization, rules, and regulations. The agent and the customer will begin scheduling a date and time for when they will go to the main office for verification of data and issuance of a deposit slip. This deposit slip will be presented to the bank (Life Saving Bank besides the main office) upon payment. Afterwards, they will return to the Main Office for the issuance of official receipt, and the customer booklet depending if customer is in installment basis. Inquiring to avail a lot in Paraiso Memorial Park Inquiry through the Paraiso Memorial Park main office; located in San Roque, Marikina City. There is also an agent there called â€Å"The Officer of the Day†. Customers inquire through this agent and follow the same steps and procedures as if at the park office inquiry, except the customer cannot survey the memorial lots. The checking of availability of the requested lot is also quicker, since the main office holds the blotter. Issuance of the â€Å"Certificate of Ownership† will be given within a month after the full payment to have it prepared and signed by the official signatory and a PHP500.00 fee will be charge. The Contract to sell will be given to the buyer once it is signed by the official signatory that is within a month of the first payment. Along with the Contract to Sell is the Perpetual Care Fund in a form of trust amounting to PHP 5, 500.00 to PHP 132, 000.00 depending on the lot. (See Attachment C-7) Paraiso Memorial Park accepts all kinds of Check, whether Post-Dated Check or Personal Check. When a customer gives a post-dated check Paraiso Memorial Park prints out in a paper the information on the post-dated check and signs it saying Paraiso Memorial Park Inc. receives the post-dated check. The Individual Application for Creditor is a form of Insurance wherein if the conditions are met, a PHP 20,000.00 will be deducted to the remaining balance of the buyer. (See Attachment C-3.) If the customer is unable to pay according to the payment terms, a penalty will be given depending on how long the customer is overdue. A three (3) month grace period is given before charging for the penalty interest. Paraiso Memorial Park, Inc. offers up to six (6) terms of payment. (See Attachment C-21 and C-22). If the customer needs to use his/her memorial lot for burial purposes (Interment), she/he must pay in full or in cash in order for the lot to be used or utilized. Paraiso Memorial Inc. will provide an Interment Form which is only provided in the Main Office. The authorized (beneficiaries) customer will fill-out the interment form and apply for an interment. Issuance of deposit slip is also given by the cashier at the main office for paying the interment fees at the bank (Life Saving Bank beside the main office of Paraiso Memorial Park Inc.). After paying, the customer will then return to the main office for the issuance of Official Receipt. Then Information is now recorded into the interment sheet. When a customer is at-need (customer needs a memorial lot for immediate burial), he/she must pay in full or in cash in order for the lot to be used or utilized, take note that in this kind of transaction, the lot price is much higher than pre-need sales. The Sales Application Form, Customer Data Sheet and Contract to Sell are now manually recorded into two (2), one is the â€Å"Blotter† and the other is the â€Å"Subsidiary Ledger†. The Subsidiary ledger contains information about a single account, while the â€Å"Blotter† contains the information of the purchased memorial lot. The Tracking process or finding the availability of lots in Paraiso Memorial Park Inc. is done by manually scanning the lot plan and blotters. The lot plan is the map of Paraiso Memorial Park; this is categorized by Area and Garden, and is arranged by blocks/lots (see attachment C-25). Availability of the lot can also be seen here. The Blotter contains lot area, contract no., name of buyer, date availed and the remarks (if lot is fully paid or not). Paraiso Memorial Park, Inc. constantly updates their lot plan and blotters to remove the occurrence of double sales. The Park checks once a year the overall number of available lots up for sale. Currently Paraiso Memorial Parks has 25,000 lots. 1.3 Project Rationale A computerized billing and tracking system is very important in the succession of adaption on monitoring billings and customers of Paraiso Memorial Park Inc. This brings vast opportunities for development of Memorial Companies whereas data is already in their grasps. To the company, it is intended to take full advantage of current technologies that provide you with the ability to maximize your resources, increase productivity, improve accuracy and promote great cost effectiveness. To the employee, it is developed with functions which help save time and effort. It also provides an easy access to the authorized personnel only and performs automatic computation for billing. To the customer, the best information and services are ready to serve and a faster billing process is given, creating less hassle on paying bills. To the future researcher, this will guide them as a reference for their future subjects related in this study and can then be improved as technology and knowledge is growing. To STI College Marikina, this will serve as a reference to future students and will give them idea in creating or building a system of their own. This project aims to design and provide a methodology and its associated tools in order to support the integration of applications and process which have not necessarily been designed to coexist for memorial parks and competitive business.

O’Connor and Chaotic Life

In â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, Flannery O’Connor highlights a chaotic family relationship in a chaotic and changing world.   The grandmother is the most animated member of the family and is constantly reminiscing about the past and lamenting about the current state of mankind.Her life is in constant contrast with the lives of the rest of her family; her aloof son Bailey and especially, the disrespectful grandchildren.   In her is the embodiment of southern values and respect, even a sense of piety.   She worries about the loss of values that others obviously disregard and dismiss.She makes an ominous statement about the character â€Å"the Misfit†, who embodies all that is bad in the world that would later make a connection with the setting of the deaths of the family.   In this final setting, the true face of human nature shines through, as the grandmother attempts to reason with the Misfit, to no avail, and then tries to save only her own life an d not the lives of the family.   It is here that it becomes obvious that reasoning with people, in this case the family and the murderer, is impossible in a world of chaos.More importantly, the human condition is presented to show that each person cares more for him or herself than their fellowman.The characters of the mother, baby, and the Misfit’s friends are very peripheral and offer little or nothing to analyze.   The couple at the barbeque place do illustrate turmoil in their lives that is easily connected to the family in the story.Red Sammy is an interesting character, who laments about the dangers of the world, as does his wife and their obvious disconnection with each other in their conversations, point to the parallel nature of an individual in a family.The grandmother seems to not be moved by the way that the woman is dismissed by Red Sammy and this reflects the grandmother’s views of people.   The grandmother constantly says that she is â€Å"a ladyà ¢â‚¬ , so the treatment of Red Sammy’s wife may be looked at by her as fine, because the wife was not as special as she.   There is another instance in the story that illustrates the way that the grandmother feels about herself, in an arrogant sense.When she sees a young black child with no pants, she explains to the grandchildren how poor people are in the country.   Though she makes no mention of how unfortunate this is, instead she begins to talk about her wish to learn how to paint, and how she would paint a picture of that boy in front of his old shack.In believing that she is a lady, she attempts to rule the family and teach the grandchildren about how they should view the world, through her own lens.Although the lens does not fit, as the world has changed and the grandmother goes back and forth between looking to the past and dealing with the future.   There is an obvious disconnect of time here, just as there is within the family.   The obvious disconnect of the family highlighted is the exasperation of Bailey toward his mother and the condescension of the children toward the grandmother.Though the grandmother sometimes acts haughty and overbearing, she does act as if she has the welfare of her family and the world at large in her thoughts and actions.   Though her lie about the plantation leads them all to death.   The lie she tells about the plantation is that there is treasure hidden somewhere in a secret place in the house.This excites the children, as they want to explore the passage and even come up with ways to get into the house (an illegal act itself).   The grandmother knows that this family is very chaotic and unbalanced, so the children would get their way.   The lie and the talk of finding treasure, because of the children’s greed led the family to their destruction, as one lie begins a course of what may be considered sins, to the ultimate sin of all.This lie leads to the meeting with the Misfit.   The Mis fit embodies all that is to be feared in the world.   He is lawless and immoral.   He is dangerous and sneaky.   But his view on the acts that he has done, illustrate the imperfection of every person and even the family, itself.He makes an interesting statement when he reveals that if you murder someone or steal from them, you will be punished.   In this way, the grandmother is forced to face her own demons, as she has believed that she is the most sensible and moral person in the family, but it is this side-tracked and mis-led trip that leads her to the realization that she is neither sensible or moral.She had remembered just before the accident that the plantation was not even in Georgia at all and the adventure that she wanted to take personally was only agreed too, because she lied to the children about its uniqueness.   Had she been sensible and moral, she would have not burdened the family with her lie. This mistake leads them all to death, one she cannot prevent for herself and does not seem to do for the rest of them.In conclusion, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is an illustration of a chaotic family in a chaotic world.   The grandmother, who acts like a beacon of hope in the family, ends of being the agent of their death.She must come face-to-face with her own demons, literally with the encounter with the Misfit and metaphorically with her own sense of herself.   The finality of the family’s deaths and the continuation of the lives of the Misfit and his friends further shows how there is no real sense of justice in the world, only chaos.   The sense is there too of it being very easy to judge someone else and to then be judged.   The grandmother continuously tells the Misfit that he is not â€Å"common†, showing her disdain for common people. It is that type of judgment that can be said to have caused her downfall from grace.Additionally, it is exactly what the Misfit wants, to be common and to blend in with o thers.   He puts on her dead son’s shirt to be this common person and her last thoughts, arguably, would have been about the way she has led her family, both in their lives and on the final journey they would ever take.Works Cited:O’Connor, F.   â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find.†Ã‚   The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction, 7th Edition.   Ed. Richard Bausch, R.V. Cassill.   New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 2005.

A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1588)

Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln Electronic Texts in American Studies University of Nebraska – Lincoln Year A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1588) Thomas Hariot? Paul Royster , editor†  ? †  University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email  protected] edu This paper is posted at [email  protected] of Nebraska – Lincoln. http://digitalcommons. unl. edu/etas/20 T H O M A S H A R IO T A B R I E F E A N D T RU E R E P ORT OF T H E N E W F O U N D L A N D OFA note on the orthography: In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, English printers and typesetters used the â€Å"u† and â€Å"v† interchangeably to represent either sound (thus, â€Å"euer† for â€Å"ever,† â€Å"vse† for â€Å"use,† etc. ), and the â€Å"i† was used both for â€Å"i† and â€Å"j†. Vowels were occasionally printed with either a macron (? ) or a tilde (? ) to indicate a following (implied) n asal â€Å"n† or â€Å"m† (thus â€Å"coutry† for â€Å"country† or â€Å"the † ? ? for â€Å"them†). These features of Thomas Hariot’s original edition are preserved in this electronic text.V I RG I N I A (158 8) This is an online electronic text edition of the first book published by an English colonist in America. Its author, Thomas Hariot or Harriot, was a cartographer, mathematician, astronomer, linguist, and philosopher, who was a participant in Sir Walter Ralegh’s first attempt to establish a colony in â€Å"Virginia,† on Roanoke Island in modern-day North Carolina, from June 1585 until June 1586. Hariot had learned the rudiments of the Algonkian language from two natives brought back to England from an earlier exploratory voyage, nd he served as interpreter and liaison with the native peoples of the surrounding region. His Brief and True Report focuses largely upon the native inhabitants, giving much valuable inf ormation on their food sources, agricultural methods, living arrangements, political organization, and religion. Published in 1588, with Ralegh’s support, to help incite both investment and settlement, Hariot’s 13,000-word account also gives many details of the â€Å"merchantable commodities,† plants, animals, and economic opportunities to be found there.Written by an ethnographer and natural scientist who was an integral part of the first English attempt at American colonization, the Brief and True Report is by far the most important early English account of North America. This online edition contains some essential annotations, a textual note, and links to other important online materials relating to the Roanoke colony. K A briefe and true rethe commodities there found and to be ray? ed, as well mar- port of the new found land of Virginia: of chantable, as others for vi? all, building and other nece? arie v? es for tho? e that are and ? halbe the planters ther e; and of the nature and manners of the naturall inhabitants : Di? couered by the Engli? h Colony there ? eated by Sir Richard Greinuile Knight in the yeere 1585. which remained vnder the gouernement of Rafe Lane E? quier, one of her Maie? ties Equieres, during the ? pace of twelue monethes : at the ? peciall charge and dire? ion of the Honourable S I R WA LT E R R A L E I G H Knight, Lord Warden of the ? anneries ; who therein hath beene fauoured and authori? ed by her Maie? tie and her letters patents: Dire? ed to the Aduenturers, Fauourers, and Welwillers of the a? ion, for the inhabiting and planting there: By Thomas Hariot; ? eruant to the abouenamed Sir Walter, a member of the Colony, and there imployed in di? couering. Imprinted at London 1588. A Rafe Lane one of her Maiesties Equieres and Gouernour of the Colony in Virginia aboue mentioned for the time there resident. To the gentle Reader, wisheth all happines in the Lord.Lbeit (Gentle Reader) the credite of the reports in t his treatise contained, can little be furthered by the testimonie of one as my selfe, through affection iudged partiall, though without desert: Neuerthelesse forsomuch as I haue beene requested by some my particular friends, who conceiue more rightly of me, to deliuer freely my knowledge of the same; not onely for the satisfying of them, but also for the true enformation of anie other whosoeuer, that comes not with a preiudicate minde to the reading thereof: Thus much vpon my credit J am to affirme: that things vniuersally are so truly set downe in this treatise by the author therof, an Actor in the Colony & a man no lesse for his honesty then learning commendable: as that I dare boldly auouch it may very well passe with the credit of truth euen amongst the most true relatio s of this age. Which ? as for mine own part I am readie any was with my word to acknowledge, so also (of the certaintie thereof assured by mine owne experience) with this my publike assertion, I doe affirme the same. Farewell in the Lorde.  ¶ To the Aduenturers, Fauourers, and Welwillers of the enterprise for the inhabiting and planting in Virginia. 4Ince the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Raleigh to deale in the action of discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the name of Virginia; many voyages hauing bin thither made at sundrie times to his great charge; as first in the yeere 1584, and afterwardes in the yeeres 1585, 1586, and now of late this last yeare of 1587: There haue bin diuers and variable reportes with some slaunderous and shamefull speeches bruited abroade by many that returned from thence. Especially of that discouery which was made by the Colony transported by Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeare 1585, being of all the others the most principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in the countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in the other voyage before they staied but sixe weekes; and the others after were onelie for supply and transporta tion, nothing more being discouered then had been before. Which re5 6 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 7 orts haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would haue also fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and benefite of our nation, besides the particular profite and credite which would redound to them selues the dealers therein; as I hope by the sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue auouched the contrary shalbe manifest: if you the aduenturers, fauourers, and welwillers do but either encrease in number, or in opinion continue, or hauing bin doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to deale therein according to the worthinesse thereof alreadye found and as you shall vnderstand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which woorthines through cause of the diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of your opinions coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are well disposed, bee setled in any certaintie. I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene in the discouerie and in dealing with the naturall inhabitantes specially imploied; and hauing therefore seene and knowne more then the ordinarie: to imparte so much vnto you of the fruites of our labours, as that you may knowe howe iniuriously the enterprise is slaundered. And that in publike manner at this present chiefelie for two respectes.First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of the state thereof, may see that there is sufficient cause why the cheefe enterpriser with the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding suche reportes; hath not onelie since continued the action by sending into the countrey againe, and replanting this last yeere a new Colony; but is also readie, according as the times and meanes will affoorde, to follow and prosecute the same. Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by the view hereof you may generally know & learne what the countrey is, & thervpon consid er how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne you profit and gaine; bee it either by inhabiting & planting or otherwise in furthering thereof.And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful vnto you, as of others by reason of their diuersitie: I will first open the cause in a few wordes wherefore they are so different; referring my selfe to your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of as by good consideration you shall finde cause. Of our companie that returned some for their misdemenour and ill dealing in the countrey, haue beene there worthily punished; who by reason of their badde natures, haue maliciously not onelie spoken ill of their Gouernours; but for their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe. The like also haue those done which were of their consort.Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, notwithstanding since their returne amongest their friendes and acquaintance and also others, especially if they were in companie where they might no t be gainesaide; woulde seeme to knowe so much as no men more; and make no men so great trauailers as themselues. They stood so much as it maie seeme vppon their credite and reputation that hauing been a twelue moneth in the countrey, it woulde haue beene a great disgrace vnto them as they thought, if they coulde not haue saide much whether it were true or false. Of which some haue spoken of more then euer they saw or otherwise knew to bee there; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make absolute deniall of 8 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 9 that which although not by them, yet by others is most certainely and there plentifully knowne. And othersome make difficulties of those things they haue no skill of.The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that were neuer out of the Iland where wee were seated, or not farre, or at the leastwise in few places els, during the time of our aboade in the countrey; or of that many that after golde and siluer was not so soone found, as it was by them looked for, had little or no care of any other thing but to pamper their bellies; or of that many which had little vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was needfull or requisite. Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes, or such as neuer (as I may say) had seene the world before. Because there were not to bee found any English cities, nor such faire houses, nor at their owne wish any of their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft beds of downe or fethers; the countrey was to them miserable, & their reports thereof according.Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of the varietie of such speeches; the particularities of them, and of many enuious, malicious, and slaunderous reports and deuises els, by our owne countrey men besides; as trifles that are not worthy of wise men to bee thought vpon, I meane not to trouble you withall: but will passe to the commodities, the substance of that which I haue to make relation of vnto you. The treatise whereof for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I will diuide into three speciall parts. In the first I will make declaration of such commodities there alreadie found or to be raised, which will not onely serue the ordinary turnes of you which are and shall bee he planters and inhabitants, but such an ouerplus sufficiently to bee yelded, or by men of skill to bee prouided, as by way of trafficke and exchaunge with our owne nation of England, will enrich your selues the prouiders; those that shal deal with you; the enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our owne countrey men, to supply the? with most things which heretofore they haue bene faine to prouide, either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for distinction sake, I call Merchantable. In the second, I will set downe all the commodities which wee know the countrey by our experience doeth yeld of it selfe for victuall, and sustenance of ma ns life; such as is vsually fed vpo by the inhabitants of the coun? trey, as also by vs during the time we were there.In the last part I will make mention generally of such other commodities besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke behoofull for those that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of; which specially concerne building, as also some other necessary vses: with a briefe description of the nature and maners of the people of the countrey. The first part, of Marchantable commodities. Ilke of grasse or grasse Silke. There is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades whereof there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee stript of. It groweth two foote and a halfe high or better: the blades are about two foot in length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in Persia, which is in 10 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 11 the selfe same climate as Virginia, of which very many of the silke workes that come from thence into Europe are made.Hereof if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason be otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great profite to the dealers therein; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof as well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & planting it in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more plentifull then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store thereof in many places of the countrey growing naturally and wilde. Which also by proof here in England, in making a piece of silke Grogran, we found to be excellent good. Worme Silke: In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great; as bigge as our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe to haue found such plentie s elsewhere to be in the countrey we haue heard of; yet seeing that the countrey doth naturally breede and nourish them, there is no doubt but if art be added in planting of mulbery trees and other s fitte for them in commodious places, for their feeding and nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered and husbanded in that sort as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie: there will rise as great profite in time to the Virginians, as thereof doth now to the Persians, Turkes, Italians and Spaniards. Flaxe and Hempe: The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no great store in any one place together, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth yeeld it of it selfe; and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe differ from ours; the stuffe by the iudgeme? t of men of skill is altogether as good as ours. And if not, as further roofe should finde otherwise; we haue that experience of the soile, as that there cannot bee shewed anie reason to the contrary, but that it will grow there excellent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully: seeing there is so much ground whereof some may well be applyed to such purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in corda ge and linnens who can not easily vnderstand? Allum: There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space of fourtie or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some that haue made triall heere in England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called Roche Allum. The richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that I neede not to saye any thing thereof.The same earth doth also yeelde White Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen plumeum, but nothing so plentifully as the common Allum; which be also of price and profitable. Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants; very like to terra Sigillata: and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found by some of our Phisitions and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of vertue and more effectuall. The inhabitants vse it very much for the cure of sores and woundes: there is in diuers places great plentie, and in some places of a blewe sort. Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine: There are those kindes of trees which yee lde them abundantly and great store.In the very same Iland where wee were seated, being fifteene miles of length, and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe trees els but of the same kind; the whole Iland being full. Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes Winauk, a kinde of wood of most pleasant and sweete smel; and of most rare vertues in phisick for the cure of many diseases. It 12 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 13 is fou by experience to bee farre better and of more ? d vses then the wood which is called Guaiacum, or Lignum vit?. For the description, the manner of vsing and the manifolde vertues thereof, I referre you to the booke of Monardus, translated and entituled in English, The ioyfull newes from the West Indies.Cedar, a very sweet wood & fine timber; wherof if nests of chests be there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, tables, deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there hath beene proofe made alrea dy,) to make vp fraite with other principal commodities will yeeld profite. Wine: There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the one is small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: the other farre greater & of himselfe lushious sweet. When they are planted and husbanded as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them may be raised. Oyle: There are two sortes of Walnuttes both holding oyle, but the one farre more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other deuises for the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because there are infinite store.There are also three seuerall kindes of Berries in the forme of Oke akornes, which also by the experience and vse of the inhabitantes, wee finde to yeelde very good and sweete oyle. Furthermore the Beares of the countrey are commonly very fatte, and in some places there are many: their fatnesse because it is so liquid, may well be termed oyle, and hath many speciall vses. Furres: All along the Sea coast there are great store of Otters, which beeyng taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose, will yeelde good profite. Wee hope also of Marterne furres, and make no doubt by the relation of the people but that in some places of the countrey there are store: although there were but two skinnes that came to our handes. Luzarnes also we haue vnderstanding of, although for the time we saw none.Deare skinnes dressed after the manner of Chamoes or vndressed are to be had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of trafficke for trifles: and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and hath beene ordinarily in time before. Ciuet cattes: In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a saluage or inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or more had lately beene before: whereby we gather besides then by the relation of the people that there are some in the countrey: good profite will rise by them. Iron : In two places o f the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the other sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt: wee founde neere the water side the ground to be rockie, which by the triall of a minerall man, was founde to holde yron richly. It is founde in manie places of the countrey else.I knowe nothing to the contrarie, but that it maie bee allowed for a good marchantable commoditie, considering there the small charge for the labour and feeding of men: the infinite store of wood: the want of wood and deerenesse thereof in England: & the necessity of ballasting of shippes. Copper : A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with the inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as wee vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the countrey: where as they say are mountaines and 14 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 15 Riuers that yeelde also whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee deemed Siluer. For confirmation whereof at the time of our first arriuall in the Countrey, I sawe with some others with mee, two small peeces of siluer grosly beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hangyng in the eares of a Wiroans or chiefe Lorde that dwelt about fourescore myles from vs; of whom thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I learned that it had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I after vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall founde. The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde siluer. Pearle : Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet discouered those places where wee hearde of better and more plentie.One of our companie; a man of skill in such matters, had gathered together from among the sauage people aboute fiue thousande: of which number he chose so many as made a fayre chaine, which for their likenesse and vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of many excellent colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayre and rare; and had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee not by casualtie and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many things els in comming away from the countrey. Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of which wee will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from such men of skill in that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall discouer them more particularly then wee haue done; and than now I can makc relation of, for want f the examples I had prouided and gathered, and are nowe lost, with other thinges by causualtie before mentioned. Dyes of diuers kindes : There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke; the seede of an hearbe called Wasewowr; little small rootes called Chappacor; and the barke of the tree called by the inhabitaunts Tangomockonomindge: which Dies are for diuers sortes of re d: their goodnesse for our English clothes remayne yet to be proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the dying of hayre; and colouring of their faces, and Mantles made of Deare skinnes; and also for the dying of Rushes to make artificiall workes withall in their Mattes and Baskettes; hauing no other thing besides that they account of, apt to vse them for.If they will not proue merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters there shall finde apte vses for them, as also for other colours which wee knowe to be there. Oade; a thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot bee yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground; may bee planted in Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof need not to be doubted, when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth plentifully, which is in the same climate. So likewise of Madder. We carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well preserued as was requisit, & besides the time of the y ere being past for their setting when we arriued, wee could not make that proofe of them as wee desired.Notwithstanding, seeing that they grow in the same climate, in the South part of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason may yet co ? tinue. So likewise 16 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 17 for Orenges, and Lemmons : there may be planted also Quinses. Wherby may grow in reasonable time if the actio be diligently prosecuted, no small commodities in ? Sugers, Suckets, and Marmalades. Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I leaue to your discret and gentle considerations: and many also bee there which yet we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great value one of certaintie, and the other in hope, not to be planted, but there to be raised & in short time to be prouided and prepared, I might haue specified.So likewise of those commodities already set downe I might haue said more; as of the particular places where they are founde and best to be planted and prepared: by what meanes and in what reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and in what proportion; but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted them: knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, according to my promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. The second part, of suche commodities as Virginia is knowne to yeelde for victuall and sustenance of mans life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants: as also by vs during the time of our aboad. And first of such as are sowed and husbanded.Agatowr, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in the West Indies is called Mayze: English men call it Guinney wheate or Turkie wheate, according to the names of the countreys from whence the like hath beene brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our ordinary English peaze and not much different in forme and sha pe: but of diuers colours: some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. All of them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre: beeing vsed according to his kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the same in the countrey some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was to bee desired. So likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as good Beere. It is a graine of marueilous great increase; of a thousand, fifteene hundred and some two thousand fold.There are three sortes, of which two are ripe in an eleuen and twelue weekes at the most: sometimes in ten, after the time they are set, and are then of height in stalke about sixe or seuen foote. The other sort is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote high, of the stalkes some beare foure heads, some three, some one, and two: euery head co~taining fiue, sixe, or seuen hundred graines within a 18 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 19 fewe more or lesse. Of these graines besides bread, the inhabitant s make victuall eyther by parching them; or seething them whole vntill they be broken; or boyling the floure with water into a pappe. Okindgier, called by vs Beanes, because in greatnesse & partly in shape they are like to the Beanes in England; sauing that they are flatter, of more diuers colours, and ome pide. The leafe also of the stemme is much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our English peaze. Wickonzowr, called by vs Peaze, in respect of the ? beanes for distinctio sake, because they are much lesse; although in forme they little differ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our English peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after they are set. They make them victuall either by boyling them all to pieces into a broth; or boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and beginne to breake as is vsed in England, eyther by themselues or mixtly together: Sometime they mingle of the wheate with them.Sometime also beeing whole sodden, th ey bruse or pound them in a morter, & thereof make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they vse to eat for varietie. Macocqwer, according to their seuerall formes called by vs, Pompions, Mellions, and Gourdes, because they are of the like formes as those kindes in England. In Virginia such of seuerall formes are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one seed. There are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and the other in two moneths. There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called Melden. Some of those that I describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage; it groweth about foure or fiue foote igh: of the seede thereof they make a thicke broth, and pottage of a very good taste: of the stalke by burning into ashes they make a kinde of salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes to season their brothes; other salte they knowe not. Wee ourselues vsed the leaues also for pot-hearbes. There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, ahout sixe fo ote in height; the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some take it to bee Planta Solis: of the seedes heereof they make both a kinde of bread and broth. All the aforesaide commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes in groundes a part and seuerally by the selues; but for the most part together in one ground ? ixtly: the manner thereof with the dressing and preparing of the ground, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of the soile; I thinke good briefly to describe. The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing; neither plow nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in sort as followeth. A fewe daies before they sowe or set, the men with wooden instruments, made almost in forme of mattockes or hoes with long handles; the women with short peckers or parers, because they vse them sitting, of a foote long and about fiue inches in breadth: doe onely breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse vp the weedes, grasse, & old stubbes o f corne stalkes with their rootes.The which after a day or twoes drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many small heapes, to saue them labour for carrying them away; they burne into ashes. (And whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to better the grounde; I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the ashes abroade; which wee obserued they doe 20 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 21 not, except the heapes bee too great: or els would take speciall care to set their corne where the ashes lie, which also wee finde they are carelesse of. ) And this is all the husbanding of their ground that they vse. Then their setting or sowing is after this maner.First for their corne, beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a hole, wherein they put foure graines with that care they touch not one another, (about an inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe: and so through out the whole plot, making such holes and vsing them aft er such maner: but with this regard that they bee made in rankes, euery ranke differing from other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde spare ground betwene euery hole: where according to discretion here and there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze: in diuers places also among the seedes of Macocqwer Melden and Planta solis.The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an English Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in breadth, doeth there yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and peaze, at the least two hundred London bushelles: besides the Macocqwer, Melden, and Planta solis: Whenas in England fourtie bushelles of our wheate yeelded out of such an acre is thought to be much. t I thought also good to note this vnto you, y you which shall inhabite and plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there to be preferred before ours: Besides the manifold waies in applying it to victuall, the increase is so much that small labour and paines is needful in respect that must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure you that according to the rate we aue made proofe of, one man may prepare and husband so much grounde (hauing once borne corne before) with lesse then foure and twentie houres labour, as shall yeelde him victuall in a large proportion for a twelue moneth, if hee haue nothing else, but that which the same ground will yeelde, and of that kinde onelie which I haue before spoken of: the saide ground being also but of fiue and twentie yards square. And if neede require, but that there is ground enough, there might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two haruestes or ofcomes; for they sowe or set and may at anie time when they thinke good from the middest of March vntill the ende of Iune: so that they also set when they haue eaten of their first croppe. In some places of the countrey notwithstanding they haue two haruests, as we ha ue heard, out of one and the same ground. For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best.Of the grouth you need not to doubt: for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue seene proof of, not beeing purposely sowen but fallen casually in the worst sort of ground, and yet to be as faire as any we haue euer seene here in England. But of wheat because it was musty and had taken salt water wee could make no triall: and of rye we had none. Thus much haue I digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily: nowe will I returne againe to my course and intreate of that which yet remaineth appertaining to this Chapter. There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the inhabitants vppowoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according to the seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed: The Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried 22 ? briefe and true report f the new found land of Uirginia 23 and brought into powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by sucking it through pipes made of claie into their stomacke and heade; from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame & other grosse humors, openeth all the pores & passages of the body: by which meanes the vse thereof, not only preserueth the body from obstructions; but also if any be, so that they haue not beene of too long continuance, in short time breaketh them: wherby their bodies are notably preserued in health, & know not many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in England are oftentimes afflicted. This Vppowoc is of so precious estimation amongest the? that they thinke their gods are maruelously delighted therwith: Wherupon sometime they make hallowed fires & cast some of the pouder therein for a sacrifice: being in a storme vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, they cast some vp into the aire and into the water: so a weare for fish being newly set vp, they cast some therei n and into the aire: also after an escape of danger, they cast some into the aire likewise: but all done with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, clapping of hands, holding vp of hands, & staring vp into the heaue? s, vttering therewithal and chattering strange words & noises. We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their maner, as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation woulde require a volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men & women of great calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is sufficient witnes. And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know and can remember they vse to husband: all else that followe are founde growing naturally or wilde. Of Rootes.Penauk are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the bignes of walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds growing many together one by a nother in ropes, or as thogh they were fastnened with a string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good meate. Okeepenauk are also of roud shape, found in dry ? grouds: some are of the bignes of a mans head. They are ? to be eaten as they are taken out of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will neither roste nor seeth. Their tast is not so good as of the former rootes, notwithstanding for want of bread & somtimes for varietie the inhabita ts vse to eate them with fish or flesh, and ? in my iudgement they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie heere in England.Kaishucpenauk a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & nere of that forme: their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the other, and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared for by vs: the inhabitants notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. t Tsinaw a kind of roote much like vnto y which in England is called the China root brought from the East Indies. And we know no t anie thing to the contrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots grow manie together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier stalke, but the leafe in shape far vnlike; which beeing supported by the trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of the highest. From these roots while they be new or fresh beeing chopt into small pieces & stampt, is strained with water a iuice that maketh bread, & also being boiled, a very good spoone- O 24 ? briefe and true report f the new found land of Uirginia Of Fruites. 25 meate in maner of a gelly, and is much better in tast if it bee tempered with oyle. This Tsinaw is not of that sort which by some was caused to be brought into England for the China roote, for it was discouered since, and is in vse as is aforesaide: but that which was brought hither is not yet knowne neither by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or purpose; although the rootes in shape are very like. Coscushaw, some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which the Spaniards in the West Indies call Cassauy, whereupon also many called it by that name: it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist groundes.Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a good bread, and also a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the inhabitants: The iuice of this root is poison, and therefore heede must be taken before any thing be made therewithall: Either the rootes must bee first sliced and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and then being pounded into floure wil make good bread: or els while they are greene they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt; loues of the same to be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be soure, and then being well pounded againe, bread, or spone meate very god in taste, and holsome may be made thereof. Habascon is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing boiled together with other m eates. There are also Leekes differing little from ours in England that grow in many places of the coutrey, of ? which, when we came in places where they were, wee gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. C Hestnuts, there are in diuers places great store: some they vse to eate rawe, some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with some being sodde they make such a manner of dowe bread as they ? vse of their beanes before mentioned.Walnuts: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of the infinit store: In many places where very great woods ? for many miles together the third part of trees are walnut-trees. The one kind is of the same taste and forme or litle differing from ours of England, but that they are harder and thicker shelled: the other is greater and hath a verie ragged and harde shell: but the kernell great, verie oylie and sweete. Besides their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, they breake them with stones and pound them in morters with wate r to make a milk which they vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among their sodde wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre more pleasant taste. Medlars a kind f verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these respectes: first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten: then in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same bignesse: otherwise in taste and colour they are farre different: for they are as red as cheries and very sweet: but whereas the cherie is sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet. Metaquesunnauk, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & bignes of English peares, but that they are of a perfect red colour as well within as without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie thicke and full of prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in the Indies, where they haue seen that kind of red 26 ? briefe and true report f the new found land of Uirginia 27 die of great price which is calle d Cochinile to grow, doe describe his plant right like vnto this of Metaquesunnauk but whether it be the true cochinile or a bastard or wilde kind, it cannot yet be certified; seeing that also as I heard, Cochinile is not of the fruite but founde on the leaues of the plant; which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially obserued. Grapes there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable comodities. Straberies there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our English gardens. Mulberies, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in England.Sacquenummener a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but somewhat greater which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is found in shalow waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to their kind are very good meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten they will make a man for the time franticke or extremely sicke. There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie o r wheat, & being boiled is good meate. In our trauailes in some places wee founde wilde peaze like vnto ours in England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in forme of Acornes. Here is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that grow on seuerall kinds of trees; the one is called Sagatemener, the second Osamener, the third Pummuckoner. These kind of acorns they vse to drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath al- most after the maner as we dry malt in Englad. When ? hey are to be vsed they first water them vntil they be soft & then being sod they make a good victual, either to eate so simply, or els being also pounded, to make loaues or lumpes of bread. These be also the three kinds of which, I said before, the inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle. An other sort is called Sapummener which being boiled or parched doth eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of this sort. The fifth so rt is called Mangummenauk, and is the acorne of their kind of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first sortes, and afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or sometime the chiefe the selues, either for variety or for want of bread, ? doe eate them with their fish or flesh. Of Beastes.Eare, in some places there are great store: neere vnto the sea coast they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse: but further vp into the countrey where there is better feed they are greater: they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer and the snags of their hornes looke backward. Conies, Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a grey colour like vnto hares: in some places there are such plentie that all the people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of the skinnes of those they vsually take. Saquenuckot & Maquowoc; two kindes of small beastes greater then conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selues, but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto vs. D T 28 ? briefe and true report f the new found land of Uirginia 29 Squirels which are of a grey colour, we haue take & eate. ? ? Beares which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do vse to take & eate manie, so also somtime did wee. They are taken commonlie in this sort. In some Ilands or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as they haue spiall of a man they presently run awaie, & then being chased they clime and get vp the next tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are shot downe starke dead, or with those wounds that they may after easily be killed; we sometime shotte them downe with our caleeuers.I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I haue heard of to be here and there dispersed in the coutrie, especially in the maine: of which ? there are only twelue kinds that we hau e yet discouered, & of those that be good meat we know only them before metioned. The inhabitants somtime kil the Lyon ? & eat him: & we somtime as they came to our hands of their Wolues or woluish Dogges, which I haue not set downe for good meat, least that some woulde vnderstand my iudgement therin to be more simple than needeth, although I could alleage the difference in taste of those kindes from ours, which by some of our company haue beene experimented in both. Of Foule. eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the names of the inhabitaunts of seuerall strange ? ortes of water foule eight, and seue teene kinds more of land foul, although wee haue seen and eaten of many more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose coulde not bee pictured: and after wee are better furnished and stored vpon further discouery, with their strange beastes, fishe, trees, plants, and hearbes, they shall bee also published. There are also Parats, Faulcons, & Marlin haukes, whi ch although with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I thought good to mention. Of Fishe. F T Vrkie cockes and Turkie hennes: Stockdoues: Partridges: Cranes: Hernes: & in winter great store of Swannes & Geese. Of al sortes of foule I haue the names in the countrie language of fourescore and sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue taken,Or foure monethes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there are plentie of Sturgeons: And also in the same monethes of Herrings, some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the most part farre greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two foote in length and better; both these kindes of fishe in those monethes are most plentifull, and in best season, which wee founde to bee most delicate and pleasaunt meate. There are also Troutes: Porpoises: Rayes: Oldwiues: Mullets: Plaice: and very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we haue taken & eaten, whose names I know not but in the co untrey language; wee haue of twelue sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey with their names. The inhabitants vse to take the two maner of wayes, ? the one is by a kind of wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The other way which is 30 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 31 ore strange, is with poles made sharpe at one ende, by shooting them into the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes; either as they are rowing in their boates or els as they are wading in the shallowes for the purpose. There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. Sea crabbes, such as we haue in England. Oysters, some very great, and some small; some rounde and some of a long shape: They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our owne countrey. Also Muscles: Scalopes: Periwinkles: and Creuises. Seekanauk, a kinde of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab; and her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters; and sometime on the shoare.There are many Tortoyses both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & bellies are shelled very thicke; their head, feete, and taile, which are in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent or venemous: but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also their egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed vpon for the time we were in Virginia, as also the inhabitants themselues, as farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that are specially worthy to bee remembred. The third and last part of such other plant and inhabit to know of; with a description of the nature and manners of the people of the countrey. Of commodities for building and other necessary vses.Hose other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as concerne building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses; as diuers sortes of trees for house & ship timber, and other vses els: Also lime, stone, and brick, least that being not mentioned some might haue bene doubted of, or by some that are malicious reported the contrary. Okes, there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any can be, and also great store, and in some places very great. Walnut trees, as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot streight without bough. Firre trees fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. Rakiock, a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commo make their boats or Canoes of the form ? y of trowes; only with the helpe of fire, hatchets of stones, and shels; we haue known some so great being made in that sort of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men at once , besides much baggage: the timber being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & yet tough enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be fit also for masts of ships. Cedar, a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, thinges as is behoofull for those which shall 32 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 33 Boxes, Bedsteedes, Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some of our company which haue wandered in some places where I haue not bene, haue made certaine affirmation of Cyprus which for such and other excellent vses, is also a wood of price and no small estimation.Maple, and also Wich-hazle, wherof the inhabitants vse to make their bowes. Holly a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. Willowes good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which because they are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne very well and sufficiently. Beech and Ashe, good fo r caske, hoopes: and if neede require, plow worke, as also for many things els. Elme. Sassafras trees. Ascopo a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in tast and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth to bee Cassia Lignea of the West Indies.There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the Virginian language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relation: seeing that for timber and other necessary vses I haue named sufficient: And of many of the rest but that they may be applied to good vse, I know no cause to doubt. Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the Sea coast where wee dwelt, there are no kinde of stones to bee found (except a fewe small pebbles about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought from farther out of the maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene diuers hard raggie stones, great pebbles, and a kinde of grey ston e like vnto marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to cleeue wood. Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little further vp into the Countrey were of all sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are ignorant, neither haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue occasion to seeke any.For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke Nuttes, grinde shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones for hatchets, they haue enough: neither vse they any digging, but onely for graues about three foote deepe: and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quarries, nor lime stones, which both may bee in places neerer than they wot of. In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in some place or other conuenient, the want of you which are and shalbe the planters therein may be as well supplied by Bricke: for the making whereof in diuers places of the countrey there is clay both excellent good, and plentie; and also by lime made of Oister shels, and o f others burnt, after the maner as they vse in the Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and also in diuers other places of England: Which kinde of lime is well knowne to bee as good as any other.And of Oister shels there is plentie enough: for besides diuers other particular places where are abundance, there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the space of many miles together in length, and two or three miles in breadth, the grounde is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote vnder water for the most part. This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from our fort neere the water in the side 34 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 35 of a hill was founde by a Gentleman of our company, a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I thought good to remember vnto you. Of the nature and manners of the people.T resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their natures and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more conuenient hereafter: nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, how that they in respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are not to be feared; but that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue vs, that shall inhabite with them. They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & aprons of the same rounde about their middles; all els naked; of such a difference of statures only as wee in England; hauing no edge tooles or weapons of yron or steele to offend vs withall, neither know t they how to make any: those weapons y they haue, are onlie bowes made of Witch hazle, & arrowes of reeds; flat edged truncheons also of wood about a yard long, neither haue they any thing to defe d the selues but tar? ? gets made of barks; and some armours made of stickes wickered together with thread.Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some containing but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we haue seene haue bene but of 30. hous es: if they be walled it is only done with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed vpright and close one by another. Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in some with artificiall mattes made of long rushes; from the tops of the houses downe to the ground. The length of them is commonly double to the breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. ardes long, and in other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the gouernment of a Wiroans or chiefe Lorde; in other some two or three, in some sixe, eight, & more; the greatest Wiroans that yet we had dealing with had but eighteene townes in his gouernment, and able to make not aboue seuen or eight hundred fighting men at the most: The language of euery gouernment is different from any other, and the far ther they are distant the greater is the difference. Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising one an other most co ? monly about the dawning of the day, or oone light; or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises: Set battels are very rare, except it fall out where there are many trees, where eyther part may haue some hope of defence, after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in leaping behind some or other. If there fall out any warres between vs & them, what their fight is likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; especially by ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined; by the experience we haue had in some places, the turning vp of their heeles against vs in running away was their best defence. 36 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 37In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our trifles before thinges of greater value: Notwithstanding in their proper manner considering the want of such meanes as we haue, they seeme very ingenious; For although they haue no such tooles, nor any such craftes, sciences and artes as wee; yet in those thinges they doe, they shewe excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due consideration shall finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede theirs in perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so much the more is it probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped if meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion. Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and sooner reformed.They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call Montoac, but of different sortes and degrees; one onely chiefe and great God, which hath bene from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to make the worlde, made first other goddes of a principall order to bee as meanes and instruments to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to follow; and after the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and the instruments of the other order more principall. First they say were made waters, out of which by the gods was made all diuersitie of creatures that are visible or inuisible. For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children: And in such sort they say they had their beginning.But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make no relatio , hauing no letters nor other ? such meanes as we to keepe recordes of the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition from father to sonne. They thinke that all the gods are of human e shape, & therfore they represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call Kewasowok one alone is called Kewas; Them they place in houses appropriate or temples which they call Machicomuck; Where they woorship, praie, sing, and make manie times offerings vnto them. In some Machicomuck we haue seene but one Kewas, in some two, and in other some three; The common sort thinke them to be also gods.They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life as soone as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the workes it hath done, it is eyther carried to heauen the habitacle of gods, there to enioy perpetuall blisse and happinesse, or els to a great pitte or hole, which they thinke to bee in the furthest partes of their part of the worlde towarde the sunne set, there to burne continually: the place they call Popogusso. For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two men that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happen ed but few yeres before our comming into the countrey of a wicked man which hauing beene dead and buried, the next day the earth of the graue beeing seene to moue, was taken vp againe; Who made declaration where his soule had 38 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 39 beene, that is to saie very neere entring into Popogusso, had not one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to returne againe, and teach his friends what they should doe to auoid that terrible place of torment.The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne that was threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge newes that one beeing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the first, shewed that although his bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his soule was aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long broade waie, on both sides whereof grewe most delicate and pleasaunt trees, bearing more rare and excellent fruites then euer hee had seene before or was able to expresse, and at length came to most braue and faire houses, neere which hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who gaue him great charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they were to doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he should after come againe. What subtilty soeuer be in the Wiroances and Priestes, this opinion worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that it maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great care what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enioy blisse; although notwithstanding there is punishment ordained for malefactours, as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sortes of wicked doers; some punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according to the greatnes of the factes.And this is the summe of their religio which I ? , learned by hauing special familiarity with some of their priestes. Wherein they were not so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their traditions and stories but through conuersing with vs they were brought into great doubts of their owne, and no small admiration of ours, with earnest desire in many, to learne more than we had meanes for want of perfect vtterance in their language to expresse. Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, wildefire oorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie of them to haue such opinion of vs, as that if they knew not the trueth of god and religion alread y, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters.Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I made declaration of the contentes of the Bible; that therein was set foorth the true and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein was contayned the true doctrine of saluation through Christ, with manie particularities of Miracles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was able then to vtter, and thought fitte for the time. And although I told them the booke materially & of itself was not of anie such vertue, as I thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine 40 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 41 therein contained; yet would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse it, to hold it to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their bodie with it; to shewe their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was spoken of.The Wiroans with whom we dwelt called Wingina, and many of his people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he sometimes accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes; hoping thereby to bee partaker of the same effectes which wee by that meanes also expected. Twise this Wiroans was so grieuously sicke that he was like to die, and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne priestes, and thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our God that it would please him either that he might liue or after death dwell with him in blis