Historic accuracy of the movie 300 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Historic accuracy of the movie 300 - Essay ExampleThe third correct historic true aspect of the movie concerns the words Spartan mothers tell their sons as they go to war Come back carrying your shield, or being carried upon it. In the movie, Spartan fag Gorgo played by Lena Headey says these words to her husband King Leonidas played by Gerard Butler as he prepares to lead his 300 Spartans to war against the Iranians (Borza)The first historical inaccuracy in the movie concerns the size of the Persian army lined up against the Spartans in the epic battle of Thermopylae. The movie trailer mentions They the Spartans were 300 men against a Million. The movie relies on the classical historian Herodotus, who estimated the Persian army at 1,700,000 soldiers collected from 46 nations. However, keeping in mind the population structure of the Achaemenid Persian Empire of that era, modern European scholars like Ernst Obst, William Woodthorpe Tarn and Robert von Fischer are in total agreement that the acceptable number was between 100,000 to 200,000. Even if 1,700,000 troops were somehow collected, it would be a monumentally huge logistical miracle to coordinate, put into position and effectively control the massive number of troops from so many nations given that computers and communication engineering science did not exist at that beat. Secondly, if a 1,700,000 strong army had traveled the long distance from Asia to Greece in the absence of the railway and telegraph, the prevalent logistics and supply would be unable to provide sustenance for them (Farrokh).The second historical inaccuracy relates to weapons and armory. Firstly, the swords of both Greeks and Persians are depicted as traditional in size. In historical records, the Persian swords during that time were shorter and resembled daggers, while the swords of the Greeks were longer than traditional swords. The short size of

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Strategic Management - Essay ExampleGood leadership enhances the performance of the system of rules and vice versa. thereof in addition to developing their business plans effectively, the organizations are placing great emphasis on the leadership models that they adopt. Customer needs are currently very alive(p) in nature. To address these in an effective manner, organizational leaders are equipping themselves with the relevant knowledge and skills. A host of critical information is sourced from food market researches that are undertaken on a wide range. Based on these, the respective leaders are able to make informed decisions regarding the specific needs of the clients and how these lot be met with ease. At this point, it cannot be disputed that customization of products is at the core of effective performance in the highly hawkish market. Of great importance however is the situation of strategical care. Seemingly, a significant percentage of the leaders are relying on org anizational strategic plans to meet their goals. Usually, these are reflective of the short term as well as long term objectives of a given organization. Besides being based on market current market researches, organizational strategic plans are also greatly informed by the existing theoretical and conceptual models. Considering the fact that these are objective, they usually offer useful insights with respect to how an organizations management strategy can help it in attaining and maintaining optimal performance. Ideally, organizational strategic plans need to be comprehensive and consistent with the mission and survey of the organization. They provide step wise processes that the organization employs in meeting its goals and objectives. It is against this background that this paper provides a critical evaluation of the Design school strategic management model. To enhance a harmonic consideration, it begins by underscoring the importance of strategic management models. It then pro ceeds to describing this particular model and then offers a detailed brush up of its role in strategic management. General Discussion The Role of Models in Strategic Management As indicated earlier, the corporate environment has changed dramatically the recent past. non only has it increased in terms of complexity, but it has also increasingly become dynamic. This according to Chan and Renee (2005, p. 54) is attributable to a host of factors including globalization and the characteristic let go movement of goods and information. This has in return compelled organizations to adopt approaches that can enable them to not only survive but to also thrive in the highly competitive environment. One of the approaches that most organizations have undertaken is to align their strategies to the objective provisions of the strategic management theories and models. Strategic management models have been tested over time and turn out to be effective in guiding organizational performance. When applied accordingly, they can enable an organization to face the modern challenges and address them with ease. Fundamentally, they contribute significantly to improve organizational performance. In his research, Alvesson (1996, p. 146) indicates that just like theories, models are abstract and do not contain content specific data or information. For this reason, they can be applied in different situations to resolve emergent organizational problems. Although they are not

Euthanasia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Euthanasia - Research Paper ExampleDespite the fact that in some countries it is permitted, there is still no consensus on the matter in the world. Unfortunately, even given the high level of its achievements under the influence of scientific and technological progress, modern medicine cannot save mankind from expiry and physical suffering. The fact that the issue of euthanasia is particularly important in modern medicine is also associated with a departure from the principle of medical paternalism to the principles find by contemporary bioethical motive.To begin with, for centuries, medical ethics had changed markedly. Previously medicine relied on Hippocratic Oath, the basic principle of which is as follows do whatever you like, merely do no harm (Hulkower 41). The ethics of Hippocratic medicine was an example of paternalism where the doctor was endowed with limitless powers in relation to the patient (McClenaghan 10). Today, medical ethics is based on four ethical principles th at demonstrate a departure from medical paternalism. None of them is leading, since they are all equivalent (Varelius 377-380)Translated from the Greek the word euthanasia means a good death. (Ardelt 424) The term appeared in the 16th century. The English philosopher and scientist Francis Bacon identified the following main features of euthanasia easy and painless dying and a strong belief that to die is the greater good than to feel pain and sufferings in life. Francis Bacon believed that the doctor should help the dying patients, so they were not so scary. He discussed euthanasia as a fair, easy passage (Pridgeon 49). After almost three hundred years, a modern meaning of the term had appeared. Euthanasia began to be understood as an attempt to help person experiencing unbearable suffering escape from life that is to show compassion towards him or her. Shortly after, the term was forgotten, and at the end of the twentieth century, the issue of euthanasia became rather disputable. T here is a

Cardiac changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cardiac changes - Essay ExampleThis lives to enhanced impedance to left ventricular ejection, an elevated systolic arterial pressure, and consequent interstitial fibrosis and left ventricular hypertrophy. Also, an aging person experiences a decline in the proportion of myocardial relaxation. The left ventricle takes a long time to relax, becomes stiffer, and also takes a longer time to fill in diastole. This enhances the significance of a correctly timed atrial contraction in adding to an ordinary left ventricular end-diastolic size. In addition, getting old is linked to enhanced sinoatrial node conduction duration and a decrease in the essential heart pass judgment. The reaction to postural modifications is different between youthful individuals and senile people as cardiac productivity is controlled by rising heart rate in the youthful individuals, in contrast to the elderly people who depend on a rise in thump capacity to balance. Also, for the aged individuals, each through exercise the tachycardic reaction is lessened. Cardiac production is controlled by a rise in stroke capacity in a number of people, bit in other individuals there is no compensation and the capacity of aerobics is lessened. Finally, physiologic aging causes a prolonged isotonic contraction and a corrupted velocity of shortening (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2011). The Altered Presentation and Modifications of Therapy Therapies that lessen, prevent, or deal with blood clots have been significant in lessening cardiovascular mortality or morbidity. One, judgeship of low dose aspirin has prolonged advantage in managing and preventing popular cardiovascular diseases, for example, coronary artery disease. In addition, the administration of aspirin has been significant in the initial prevention of stroke and heart attack in high risk elderly patients. Two, there has been the utilization of anticoagulation with warfarin for avoidance of stroke peripheral venous issues of a treme ndous forms of surgical practices in different clinical attempts. Chronic warfarin therapy diminishes the most dreaded problems of stroke in older patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Nonetheless, warfarin therapy needs recurrent blood tests for control of the dose (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association, 2011). Three, older patients may bear with antihypertensive therapy. Antihypertensive therapy in older patients has been utilized for thiazide diuretics solely or together with beta blockers. Beta blockers or Thiazide diuretics have been recommended for therapy for elderly patients suffering from hypertension due to affordable costs and proven longevity advantages. Also, each drug dosage is usually regulated for disease-related and age modifications. Finally, there are therapies that have been modify to restore the sinus rhythm. This is usually taken into account in older patients with unusual cardiovascular function or atrial arrhythmias which is not eas y to manage, or which is not of long-standing. Nonetheless, novel therapies are being established for specified signs that could offer better protection and easiness of utilization (American College of Cardiology, 2009). Identify Cardiovascular Diseases and Treatments As elderly individuals exist for long, they may suffer from a number of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, these people may suffer from a health condition that may lead to a different condition or damage if not adequately handled. There are a

Trust Builders in a Sales Person Essay Example for Free

Trust Builders in a Sales Person EssayTrust is the binding force of cracking relationships. This leads to greater cooperation and better solutions, especially in sales and guest service situations. When trust increases, communication is more effective and understanding in enhanced. Since most mint wont buy from someone they dont trust, building and maintaining a strong bond of trust is essential for developing long circumstance customer satisfaction and loyalty. Customers believe in getting the best and feeling comfortable with what they arrive at received.Having a long term customer takes more than swell customer service. Sales representatives of any company need to have the trust-builders characteristics to help them build strong relationships with clients. In the end this will help the overall positivity of the company. The first characteristic is expertise this is the finale to which a salesperson possesses relevant knowledge and capability to get the job done right. An example is Digicel, their sales persons ar well trained and equipped with relevant information and knowledge of their prices and sale promotions.Customers can ask a salesperson about a promotion and when the customer research for themselves, it is accurate. This builds trust, when a salesperson shows competence and knowledge. This has pushed Digicel to be the top efficient service provider of telecommunication in Jamaica. Second characteristic is dependability this is the extent to which a salesperson consistently and predictably follows through on commitments he/she makes to others. Digicel sales practices indicates this when they offer free nights promotion to customers.This promotion was always offered once a customer puts on two hundred dollars before 9pm. This allows customers to depend on what Digicel said they would deliver. Candor is the third characteristic of a trust-builder typecast it is the extent to which a salesperson is honest and upfront with others, especiall y with regard to issues/factors that may impact those others. Digicel portraits this by allowing their sales personnel or customer c are agent to enumerate customer the truth when they are having technical problems, they even go as far as sending out texts to inform and apologise for the disruptions.The fourth trust-builder type is customer orientation this is the extent to which a salesperson values and protects the interests of his/her customers. Digicel trained their salespersons to show empathy while adding value and giving back to the customers confederacy and even their lives. Encouraging rebuilding of schools, community centers and developing public areas push customers to trust and build long term relationship with Digicel. The fifth trust-builder is likeability this is the affection customers have towards you.There are many factors that contribute to how likeable you are as a person, but in the context of relationships with your customers, these factors encompass courtesy , respect, remembering names and primaeval facts, treating each customer as special, and being interested in them and their lives. Digicel depicts this in their advertisements and when a sale agent is speaking to you. They ensured Jamaican culture and people are portrayed in their ads. They also ensure high quality service by asking for your name and throughout the conversation they refer to you by your name.

Rigid journey Essay Example for Free

Rigid journey EssayIt was a rigid journey that started with two voices and that ended with one and only(a). One is the voice of meaningless modernity. Disjointed and syncopated, this voice hopes to couple in with the norm, tirelessly finding meaning done misconstrued words. The another(prenominal)wise is the voice of an ailing away as it struggles to keep up with the present. It is the words of fable and myth, incapacitated in the humdrum of everyday life.Coming in contact through an unexpected dialogue, these two voices collide but, further on, reveal their similarities in order to shout the issues of their looming futures. Jonathan Safran Foers critic eithery-successful debut invigorated Everything is Illuminated relishes in these two voices, speaking to its readers in dual tones as a metaphor of the different perspectives that arise from a problem of identity element that epitomizes this generation a generation fraught by issues brought about by concerns of industry , capitalism, and materialism.Part memoir, part travelogue, this novel primarily chronicles the travels of Jonathan Foer, a immature Jewish-American writer of the homogeneous name as the author, who attempts to research his granddads life in Ukraine and disc everyplace the woman who had saved him from apparent execution in the hands of Nazi soldiers. To make his trip remotely easier, he employs the help of Heritage Tours, a tour compevery that specializes in aiding Jewish-Americans retrace their roots in the Old Country.His guide and translator for this trip is Alex Perchov, a Ukrainian of the same age who is utterly enraptured by the American goal that reaching the maintains worshipped shores and becoming an accountant is all he has ever dreamed about. Along with the ride are Alexs Grandfather, their supposedly blind driver, and his seeing-eye bang Sammy Davis Junior, Junior. But, Foer, the author, also incorporates a second and third narrative amidst this backdrop of identity -searching.One, told in Jonathans voice, tells the stage of his Grandfathers shtetl or town, TrachimBrod, its fabled rise and spare fall during World War II. We can initially perceive the novel as a seeming coming-of-age story that finds its core in the retelling of the happenings of the Holocaust and its unambiguous impact on its Jewish survivors and their kin. But, it also echoes of the capitalist ideologies that define our era and how it has come to mold our youth, as seen through the depiction of Jonathan and Alex.With this in mind, this paper aims to build an understanding of the hegemony at heart the text through the use of Marxist literary criticism. An Over imagine of Marxism and the Communist Manifesto At the heart of Marxism lies the struggle between classes, a univocal clash of ideologies brought about by the fight over the right of power. It is primarily a critique of the current Industrial Age family, wherein an apparent discrepancy between the growing worldly -minded class and the working class began to be noticeable.Promulgated by Karl Marx in the early nineteenth century, Marxism finds its roots in the analysis of the obtain of power, the base of power, within a society and how this social class determines the course of production within a society (Marx and Engels 1848). Heralded as the core political theory of Communism, it is a politically-driven social theory that deems to see that the proletariat be considered a class, that the reigning bourgeois be overthrown, and that political power should be reverted to the proletariat (Marx, Engels, and Jones 15). utilise to literature, Marxism becomes a critique of the social structures and the point of authority found in the text, as concocted by the writers own perceptions of the history of class within the novel. The Communist bible, Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto, co-written by Frederick Engels, calls the proletariat to arms in what they see as a social revolution unlike any other. They deem that Capitalist rulings of the working class as exploitative, seeing these people merely as dispensable commodity to yield production.They deem the bourgeoisie as state of the abolition of individuality and freedom (22). They narrate series of possible events to the dissolution of the bourgeoisie that would mean the rise of the proletariat and the erasure of any other remnants of the feudalist system (Marx and Engels 17). Over-all, it is deemed that the only answer to a social revolution is the forcible overthrow of the present reigning base of power, the denouncement of past social conditions, and the inception of a strong network of representative that would protect the individual rights of working men and women.A Dichotomy of Roles What makes Foers novel a definite stand-out in the literary scene is its experimentation with form and its boundless potentials. For his novel, he follows three narratives as told by the two primary characters of the text, Jonathan and Alex. Pl aced in the context of Marxism, thither is an evident inner struggle between the two characters that is representative of their own social statuses and how they manage to deal with the issues specific to it.According to Marxs groundbreaking treatise, society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes facing each other Bourgeoisie and Proletariat (Marx and Engels 9). Although, most may deem this social division as outdated, it still reveals much about our current social structure that expected. In our globalized view, such structure can now be attributed to cultures dominating over each other, cultures that manipulate the flow of international relations given the power they harbour through their economic superioritya system that Marx had initially suspected.As with todays society, American culture (though flailing amidst the rise of new economic powers) corpse the power base and controls much of the worlds economic activity, and he nce, becomes the source of all human institutions and ideologies, or what Marx calls, the superstructure. With this power behind them, the base is able to modulate the direction that society is driven to, characterizing each element as they see fit. Evident in the novel is undisputed hegemony of American culture as presented through the character of Alex.Ensnared by the allure of money and progress, Alex is the quintessential American wanna be. He is driven to create an image of himself that is allegedly reminiscent of this culture a womanizer, an excessive spender, a big talker. Evidence of this fascination with American culture can also be read in page 69 wherein Alex speaks with Jonathan over dinner and bombards him with questions about American life Are there good accounting schools? Are there Negro accountants? How much is the coffee there (Foer 69)? every the answers elicit an excitement for this prevailing culture, all the more pushing Alex to value it more than he does his own. In a letter to Jonathan written purportedly later on the his visit to Ukraine, he mentions that he is saving up to go to the States, and that in order to save money (despite his haves belief that he isnt so), he stays at the beach and just thinks. He thinks that Jonathan is so lucky (52). These ideas of American culture, the American Dream, are in fact disseminated through the lease medium as presented in the text when Alex says I dig American movies (2). It is, in essence, a diluted imagery of what American culture is like as shown through the limited capacity of film. Gone are seemingly politically correct ideologies and from the vantage point of Alexs restricted viewpoint of American culture we see the flaws of a race and gender divided structure. It is also necessary to note the importance of the Alexs use of language in the text. His language is a mix of profundity and slang in an attempt to sound as American as possible, but failing miserably to communicate what he i n reality means in the process.His misconstrued language echoes the attempt of the working class to attain a level of equality with the bourgeois (American culture), but unsuccessfully doing so because the term that separates the two arenas can never be crossed. Alexs character, in this sense, epitomizes the proletariat desire to obtain an amount of power (how miniscule) it might be from the dominating bourgeois by inculcating themselves within a culture created by the elite. When he took on the role of translate for Jonathan, Alex believed it to be an unordinary (Foer 2) experience.By taking on this Americanized persona, Alex believes he is vista himself apart from a family of three Alexs, from his own culture. He yearns to depart from his class and seek a brighter one in another. But, I believe, that this is the tragedy of Alex. He deems to create for himself a new personality, an individuality, but through the acceptance of another ideological structure that might even be stron ger and far more dangerous than the one he opts to leave behind. This is, as what Marx says, is a sense of false consciousness (Eagleton 103).People are conditioned by the material world to accept accepted ideas and beliefs as objective fact. They misunderstand their position and the meaning of their position. (Progreba 2). On the other hand, we see Jonathan who departs from the States and its culture to find his roots in Ukraine. Armed with the picture of his grandfather and the picture of the woman who rescued him, he embarks on a journey to understand his muddled identity. Whereas, Alex looks at the American culture as one that would in the end define him, Jonathan temporarily denounces it and searches for it in his history.This is evident in his chronicle of the history of his grandfathers little village. But, similar to Alex, he finds fascination in a culture other than his own and looks up to it as a medium to understand his own identity. By narrating the events that led to the destruction of the village, from its establishment and his grandfather, Safrans, rescue from the Nazis, Jonathan communicates with his past and forms a dialogue with it. For both young men, this search for identity traces itself to their yearning to reclaim their place in a society that alienates them.According to Marxist theory, the capitalist society alienates people in three different levels first, the worker is alienated from what he produces second, the worker is alienated from himself and third, the worker is alienated from society. The work of the proletarians has lost all their individual character, and consequently all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack that is required of him (Marx and Engels 14). Jonathan, who has taken a leave of absence from university, finds himself at a loss regarding his future goals in life, some of which are imposed on him by the require ments of his social circle fame and fortune. By following these, he would have to let go of his roots, of his own identity, and deliver products as what society needs of him. Hence, he finds his travel to Ukraine an opportunity for soul-searching, a method acting to deliver himself from the constraints of social responsibilities and discover his own potential as a person.When Alex questions Jonathan about his yearnings to be a writer, Jonathan answers him half-heartedly, as if questioning even his own finish to take on this career (Foer 69). But, by the middle of the novel, as implied in one of Alexs letters to Jonathan, he had gone on back to university to quest for this career, perhaps already with an inkling of his own identity discovered during his visit in Ukraine. Alex, on the other hand, seeks deliverance in American culture. He detests his Father who bullies him and his miniature brother, Little Igor.He yearns to separate himself from this abusive authority and find solace in a culture that is free and progressive. We can view his Father and their travel company in the Marxist context as the Capitalist. Their company, Heritage Tours, having been a family business for three generations ties Alex intensely to the family that he hopes to leave behind. As his mother had said, she is extremely proud that her son had decided to taking the responsibility of acting as a guide for the Jewish boy instead of wallowing or so doing nothing and wasting money (Foer 2).Marxist theory also expands on the notion of a counter-hegemonic culture that should be developed in order to penalize against the prevailing social norms as promulgated by the ruling class. Essentially, the novel revolves around this, as with any text that centers on a search for identity and individuality. Alex and Jonathan both are at war with their societies which is why they seek to find it another, whether in more direct forms (like Jonathans) or discreetly (like Alexs). There remains, in the story of these two individuals, a definite struggle to fight against hegemony and the norm.Conclusion The third narrative, as we have mentioned, are letters from Alex to Jonathan, still written in the same manner as he had spoken to us in his usual narrative. These letters, from mere discussion of their positions in life finally show the kind of affinity these two young men are able to foster. They are the acceptance of their brotherhood amidst the flurry of modern life, amidst the demands of their social classes and their inherent responsibilities. But, most importantly, as the novel proves, it serves as an insight into a quiet counter-revolution that prevails today.Works Cited Eagleton, Terry. Criticism and Ideology A Study in Marxist Literary Theory. William Clowes Ltd. Suffolk, Great Britain. 2006 Foer, Jonathan Safran. Everything is Illuminated. Houghton Mifflin Books bran-new York, New York. 2002 Jones, Gareth Stedman. Introduction. The Communist Manifesto. Penguin Books L td. USA, 1967 Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels. The Communist Manifesto. Socialist Labor Party of America. 2006. Retrieved from http//www. marxism. net/pdf/marx/comm_man. pdf

World History Essay Example for Free

World History Essay1. What do you already know, or think you know, about Judaism, Christianity, and Islam? They had a lot of wars and disagreements. 2. In what parts of the world are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam dominant today? Christians are dominant in north sec America followers of island dominate north Africa, western and central Asia, and Indonesia. Followers of Judaism can be prepare most everywhere but are change state in Israel and North America. 3. How are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam related?They began in Southeast Asia. All three religions claim they began with Abraham. 4. How are the stories of Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad alike and different? Moses andJesus, are considered the founders of Judaism and Christianity respectively. Muslims of Arabic race however, trace their roots, to Abrahams other(a) son, Ishmael. His descendent Muhammad founded Islam. 5. After reading these excerpts, how do you think these religions compare?6. What are the primary differen ces and similarities among the three religions? why? Jewish people do not believe that Jesus was the messiah or the son of God or that he was resurrected. 7. Why are some situations considered sacred in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam? The holiest site in Islam, the Kaaba, stands at the center of the Masjid al-Haram mosque in Mecca. The mosque know as the Dome of the Rock sits where the temple once stood, the place where Muslims believe that Muhammad rose into heaven. 8. Why do divisions occur within as well as among the three major monotheistic religions?More than 50 percent of the worlds population follows Christianity, Judaism, or Islam. Christianity has rough 2,286,000,000 followers worldwide. This is 33 percent of the world. Christians are concentrated in North and South America, Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Australia. Islam has slightly 1,524,000,000 followers worldwide. This is 22 percent of the world. Followers of Islam, known as Muslims, are concentrated in North Afr ica, Western and Central Asia, and Indonesia. Judaism has approximately 15,000,000 followers worldwide. This is less than 0.25 percent of the world.Followers of Judaism can be found most everywhere but are concentrated in Israel and North America. Buddhism has approximately 484,000,000 followers worldwide. This is 7 percent of the world. Buddhists are concentrated in China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Korea, and Japan. Hinduism has approximately 901,000,000 followers worldwide. This is 13 percent of the world. Hindus are concentrated in South Asia. Jewish people do not believe that Jesus was the messiah or the son of God or that he was resurrected. Muslims follow the Five Pillars of faith. These are the declaration of faith (shahada), prayer (salat), almsgiving (zakat), fasting (sawm), and the pilgrimage (hajj). Followers of each(prenominal) three religions practice some type of fasting SabbathAll three religions honor a weekly holy day, typically involving prayer and worship with other followers. Christians believe in the sacraments as a process for preparing each believer to join God. Among these are baptism, by which people agree to worship God and shape Christian. All three faiths hold that humans brook a soul that will be judged when their bodies die Neither Jews nor Muslims are permitted to eat pork. They also have certain processes for preparing food properly, called kosher in Judaism and halal in Islam.Jews, Christians, and Muslims all believe in one, and only one, god The Star of David, also known as the Shield of David, has stood for Judaism from as early as the 11th century. The star has 12 sides for the 12 tribes of Israel. Jewish congregations are led by rabbis. in Christianity, the cross became a sacred symbol when Jesus was crucified. Its a symbol of his sacrifice and the resurrection.Christian congregations are led by priests, minister, or pastors. The star and crescent has roots that make back to pre-Islamic times, but tod ay it is a symbol of Islam. Muslim congregations are led by imams. n the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, a cenotaph, or exhaust tomb, stands over the place where Abraham is believed to have been buried. Also in Old Jerusalem, the church building of the Holy Sepulchre is believed to be the location of Jesus crucifixion, burial, and resurrection. One of the oldest churches in the world, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem marks the location where the gospels of Matthew and Luke indicate Jesus was born.